Criminal responsibility is based on the presence, at the time of the offense, of the individual’s capacity to understand and to will. When, due to a mental disorder, these capacities are abolished or significantly impaired, the Criminal Code provides for the exclusion or limitation of criminal responsibility, respectively. In this context, the forensic psychiatrist is required to translate a psychopathological diagnosis into a legal judgment. Accordingly, the content of forensic psychiatric reports represents a potentially valuable source for developing predictive models of criminal responsibility in offenders with suspected mental disorders in whom recurrent evaluative patterns may emerge and help to elucidate the decision-making process underlying forensic assessments. The aim of the present study is to examine the correlations between socio-demographic, criminological, clinical, and judicial variables and the outcome of the forensic psychiatric evaluation (guilty vs. not guilty by reason of insanity), with the goal of identifying factors potentially predictive of criminal responsibility judgments and laying the groundwork for future decision-support models in forensic practice. This is a retrospective observational study of forensic psychiatric assessments on criminal responsibility relating to homicides that occurred in Italy between 2001 and 2023. Variables relating to the perpetrator of the crime, the homicide, the victim, the assessment methodology, the psychiatric examination and the judicial proceeding were extracted from each report. The outcome of the assessment was divided into “total insanity”, “partial insanity” and “no insanity”. In addition to descriptive statistics, a univariate analysis was performed to assess the association between the outcome of the assessment and the independent variables hypothesised as influencing factors. Based on these results, a multivariate analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression to identify any predictors of criminal responsibility. 43 forensic psychiatric evaluations were analysed, mostly concerning male subjects (81.3%) with a mean age of 38.4 ± 15.4 years. A history of self-harming or suicidal behaviour was reported in 20.9% of cases. The homicides predominantly involved a single victim (86.4%), with a mean age of 47.4 ± 21.8 years and equal gender distribution and were most often committed using a sharp weapon (42.5%) or a blunt object (31.4%). The forensic assessments concluded full criminal responsibility in 58.1% of cases, partial responsibility in 27.9%, and total lack of responsibility (not guilty by reason of insanity) in 14%. In the binary logistic regression analysis, after excluding clinical variables highly correlated with the outcome of criminal responsibility, the victim’s age emerged as a predictor of non-responsibility (OR = 1.065; p = 0.015), while current employment (OR = 0.071; p = 0.008) and a history of self-harming behaviour (OR = 0.045; p = 0.040) were predictors of responsibility. The presence of multiple victims showed a borderline association with non-responsibility (OR = 13.078; p = 0.087). The present study confirms the consistency between clinical variables and the judgment of non-imputability, reaffirming the central role of psychiatric diagnosis in forensic evaluations. The logistic regression model also highlighted, alongside clinical factors, the influence of socio-criminological variables. A higher age of the victim, associated with non-imputability, may reflect specific relational dynamics in crimes committed by individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. The presence of multiple victims, although of borderline statistical significance, also appears to be associated with non-imputability, likely representing a greater degree of behavioural disorganization and reduced inhibitory control. The presence of employment and a history of
Nel diritto penale italiano, l’imputabilità si fonda sulla presenza, al momento della commissione del reato, della capacità di intendere e di volere. Qualora, a causa di un’infermità mentale, una o entrambe tali capacità risultino abolite o significativamente ridotte, il Codice Penale prevede rispettivamente l’esclusione o la limitazione dell’imputabilità. In tale contesto, lo psichiatra forense è chiamato a tradurre una diagnosi psicopatologica in un giudizio giuridico. Alla luce di ciò, il contenuto delle perizie psichiatrico-forensi può rappresentare una fonte potenzialmente utile per l’elaborazione di modelli predittivi del giudizio di imputabilità nei soggetti autori di reato con sospetto disturbo mentale. L’analisi degli elaborati può dunque evidenziare schemi valutativi ricorrenti utili alla comprensione del processo decisionale peritale. Scopo del presente studio è analizzare le correlazioni tra variabili socio-anagrafiche, criminologiche, cliniche e giudiziarie e l’esito della perizia psichiatrico-forense (imputabile/non imputabile), con l’obiettivo di individuare fattori potenzialmente predittivi del giudizio di imputabilità e porre le basi per futuri modelli di supporto decisionale nella pratica peritale. Trattasi di uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo su perizie psichiatrico-forensi in tema di imputabilità relative ad omicidi avvenuti in Italia nel periodo 2001-2023. Sono state estratte variabili relative all’autore del delitto, all’evento omicidiario, alla vittima, alla metodologia accertativa, all’esame obiettivo psichico e allo svolgimento della vicenda giudiziaria. L’esito della perizia è stato suddiviso in “vizio totale”, “vizio parziale” e “assenza di vizio” di mente. Oltre ad una statistica descrittiva, è stata effettuata un’analisi univariata per valutare l’associazione tra l’esito dell’accertamento e le variabili indipendenti ipotizzate come fattori influenti. Sulla base di questi risultati, è stata condotta un’analisi multivariata mediante regressione logistica binaria per identificare eventuali predittori di imputabilità/non imputabilità. Sono state analizzate 43 perizie, relative per lo più a soggetti di sesso maschile (81,3%), con età media di 38,4 ± 15,4 anni, frequentemente occupati e con diploma di scuola secondaria di II grado (46,5%). Il 20,9% presentava riferiti pregressi episodi anticonservativi. Gli omicidi hanno riguardato prevalentemente una sola vittima (86,4%), di età media di 47,4 ± 21,8 anni, con pari distribuzione tra i generi, e sono stati commessi soprattutto con arma bianca (42,5%) o corpo contundente (31,4%). Il giudizio peritale ha concluso per piena imputabilità nel 58,1% dei casi, vizio parziale nel 27,9% e vizio totale nel 14%. Dalla regressione logistica binaria, escluse le variabili cliniche fortemente correlate con l’esito di imputabilità, sono emersi, come predittore di non imputabilità, l’età della vittima (OR = 1,065; p = 0,015) e, come predittori di imputabilità, l’attualità lavorativa (OR = 0,071; p = 0,008) e precedenti episodi anticonservativi (OR = 0,045; p = 0,040). La presenza di più vittime ha mostrato un’associazione tendenziale con la non imputabilità (OR = 13,078; p = 0,087). Il presente studio conferma la coerenza tra variabili cliniche e giudizio di non imputabilità, ribadendo il ruolo centrale della diagnosi psichiatrica nel parere peritale. Il modello di regressione logistica ha evidenziato, accanto ai fattori clinici, l’influenza di variabili socio-criminologiche. L’età più elevata della vittima, associata alla non imputabilità, potrebbe riflettere dinamiche socio-relazionali nei delitti commessi da soggetti con disturbi psichiatrici gravi. La presenza di più vittime, sebbene con significatività al limite e con intervallo di confidenza ampio, appare associata alla non imputabilità, verosimilmente quale espressione di una maggiore disorganizzazione
Modelli predittivi per la valutazione psichiatrico-forense dell’imputabilità nel soggetto autore di omicidio
MAZZOBEL, ENRICO
2023/2024
Abstract
Criminal responsibility is based on the presence, at the time of the offense, of the individual’s capacity to understand and to will. When, due to a mental disorder, these capacities are abolished or significantly impaired, the Criminal Code provides for the exclusion or limitation of criminal responsibility, respectively. In this context, the forensic psychiatrist is required to translate a psychopathological diagnosis into a legal judgment. Accordingly, the content of forensic psychiatric reports represents a potentially valuable source for developing predictive models of criminal responsibility in offenders with suspected mental disorders in whom recurrent evaluative patterns may emerge and help to elucidate the decision-making process underlying forensic assessments. The aim of the present study is to examine the correlations between socio-demographic, criminological, clinical, and judicial variables and the outcome of the forensic psychiatric evaluation (guilty vs. not guilty by reason of insanity), with the goal of identifying factors potentially predictive of criminal responsibility judgments and laying the groundwork for future decision-support models in forensic practice. This is a retrospective observational study of forensic psychiatric assessments on criminal responsibility relating to homicides that occurred in Italy between 2001 and 2023. Variables relating to the perpetrator of the crime, the homicide, the victim, the assessment methodology, the psychiatric examination and the judicial proceeding were extracted from each report. The outcome of the assessment was divided into “total insanity”, “partial insanity” and “no insanity”. In addition to descriptive statistics, a univariate analysis was performed to assess the association between the outcome of the assessment and the independent variables hypothesised as influencing factors. Based on these results, a multivariate analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression to identify any predictors of criminal responsibility. 43 forensic psychiatric evaluations were analysed, mostly concerning male subjects (81.3%) with a mean age of 38.4 ± 15.4 years. A history of self-harming or suicidal behaviour was reported in 20.9% of cases. The homicides predominantly involved a single victim (86.4%), with a mean age of 47.4 ± 21.8 years and equal gender distribution and were most often committed using a sharp weapon (42.5%) or a blunt object (31.4%). The forensic assessments concluded full criminal responsibility in 58.1% of cases, partial responsibility in 27.9%, and total lack of responsibility (not guilty by reason of insanity) in 14%. In the binary logistic regression analysis, after excluding clinical variables highly correlated with the outcome of criminal responsibility, the victim’s age emerged as a predictor of non-responsibility (OR = 1.065; p = 0.015), while current employment (OR = 0.071; p = 0.008) and a history of self-harming behaviour (OR = 0.045; p = 0.040) were predictors of responsibility. The presence of multiple victims showed a borderline association with non-responsibility (OR = 13.078; p = 0.087). The present study confirms the consistency between clinical variables and the judgment of non-imputability, reaffirming the central role of psychiatric diagnosis in forensic evaluations. The logistic regression model also highlighted, alongside clinical factors, the influence of socio-criminological variables. A higher age of the victim, associated with non-imputability, may reflect specific relational dynamics in crimes committed by individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. The presence of multiple victims, although of borderline statistical significance, also appears to be associated with non-imputability, likely representing a greater degree of behavioural disorganization and reduced inhibitory control. The presence of employment and a history of| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96691