Introduction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by motor neuron degeneration and characterised by an incidence of 1 – 2.6 new cases per 100,000 person-years and a survival of 2 – 4 years after the onset of symptoms. The pathogenesis is extremely complex and involves the interaction of intrinsic factors (genetic mutations, altered neuronal and/or glial functionality, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity) and extrinsic factors (i.e. environmental contaminants, traumatic events, cigarette smoking). To better understand ALS pathogenesis and clinical evolution, specific biomarkers are needed: both liquid-based markers from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have shown promise. Aim of the study. Here, we combine clinical measurements, fluid biomarkers, and PET/MRI metabolic analysis to unravel the role of reactive microglia in ALS pathogenesis. Methods. Based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 cases and 10 healthy controls were recruited between 2017 and 2021 and underwent cerebrospinal fluid sampling to determine concentrations of chitinases (CHITs), proteins produced by reactive microglia, and neurofilament light chains (NfL). 18F-FDG PET-MRI scan was also performed in all patients and 20 healthy controls to explore brain metabolism. The analysis results were integrated with the clinical data (disease phenotype, age at symptom onset, sex, functional scales, and any known genetic mutation) of the patients. Results. First, we found that patients present with higher CSF levels of NfL and CHITs compared to controls. Moreover, the levels of CHIT1 correlate with the medulla oblongata and pons metabolism, and CHI3L2 with medulla oblongata metabolism. From a clinical perspective, CHI3L2 correlates with ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised (ALSFRS-r) scores at the first visit, delta-ALSFRS-r score and patients survival. Discussion. Our findings suggest a potential relationship between microglial activation and disease severity, further strengthening the hypothesis that neuroinflammation and activated microglia play a central role in ALS pathogenesis. These considerations could enhance the foundations for the research and development of specific targeted therapies.
Introduzione. La sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA) è una malattia neurodegenerativa causata dalla progressiva deplezione dei motoneuroni ed è caratterizzata da un'incidenza di 1 – 2,6 nuovi casi per 100.000 persone/anno e da una sopravvivenza media di 2 – 4 anni dopo l'esordio dei sintomi. La patogenesi è estremamente complessa e coinvolge l’interazione tra fattori intrinseci (mutazioni genetiche, alterata funzionalità neuronale e/o gliale, neuroinfiammazione ed eccitotossicità) e fattori estrinseci (es. contaminanti ambientali, eventi traumatici, fumo di sigaretta). Per comprendere meglio la patogenesi e l’evoluzione clinica della SLA, sono necessari biomarcatori specifici: sia marcatori da fluidi biologici (sangue o liquido cerebrospinale - CSF) sia tecniche di neuroimaging, come la risonanza magnetica (MRI) e la tomografia a emissione di positroni (PET), hanno mostrato risultati promettenti. Obiettivo dello studio. In questo studio, vengono combinate misurazioni cliniche, biomarcatori prelevati da fluidi biologici ed analisi metaboliche di studi PET/MRI per indagare il ruolo della microglia reattiva nella patogenesi della SLA. Metodi. Sulla base di criteri specifici di inclusione ed esclusione, tra il 2017 e il 2021 sono stati reclutati 25 pazienti, 10 controlli sani, i quali si sono sottoposti a prelievo di liquido cerebrospinale per determinare le concentrazioni di chitinasi (CHIT), proteine prodotte dalla microglia reattiva, e catene leggere dei neurofilamenti (NfL). Inoltre, tutti i pazienti e 20 controlli sani sottoposti ad una PET-RM con 18F-FDG per esplorare il metabolismo cerebrale. I risultati delle analisi sono stati integrati con i dati clinici dei pazienti (fenotipo di malattia, età all’esordio dei sintomi, sesso, scale funzionali e presenza di eventuali mutazioni genetiche note). Risultati. In prima istanza, è stato evidenziato che i pazienti presentano livelli più elevati di NFL e CHIT nel CSF rispetto ai controlli sani. Inoltre, i livelli di CHIT1 correlano con alterazioni del metabolismo bulbare e pontino, mentre quelli di CHI3L2 con il metabolismo del midollo allungato. Da un punto di vista clinico, invece, i livelli di CHI3L2 correlano con il punteggio della scala funzionale per la SLA (ALSFRS-r) alla prima visita, con il delta-ALSFRS-r e con la sopravvivenza dei pazienti. Discussione. I risultati presentati suggeriscono una potenziale relazione tra l'attivazione microgliale e la gravità della malattia, rafforzando ulteriormente l'ipotesi che la neuroinfiammazione e la microglia attivata svolgano un ruolo centrale nella patogenesi della SLA. Queste considerazioni potrebbero rafforzare le basi per la ricerca e lo sviluppo di terapie mirate.
Metabolic and fluid biomarkers support a microglia-mediated inflammatory signature in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
BEBETI, ALEN
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by motor neuron degeneration and characterised by an incidence of 1 – 2.6 new cases per 100,000 person-years and a survival of 2 – 4 years after the onset of symptoms. The pathogenesis is extremely complex and involves the interaction of intrinsic factors (genetic mutations, altered neuronal and/or glial functionality, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity) and extrinsic factors (i.e. environmental contaminants, traumatic events, cigarette smoking). To better understand ALS pathogenesis and clinical evolution, specific biomarkers are needed: both liquid-based markers from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have shown promise. Aim of the study. Here, we combine clinical measurements, fluid biomarkers, and PET/MRI metabolic analysis to unravel the role of reactive microglia in ALS pathogenesis. Methods. Based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 cases and 10 healthy controls were recruited between 2017 and 2021 and underwent cerebrospinal fluid sampling to determine concentrations of chitinases (CHITs), proteins produced by reactive microglia, and neurofilament light chains (NfL). 18F-FDG PET-MRI scan was also performed in all patients and 20 healthy controls to explore brain metabolism. The analysis results were integrated with the clinical data (disease phenotype, age at symptom onset, sex, functional scales, and any known genetic mutation) of the patients. Results. First, we found that patients present with higher CSF levels of NfL and CHITs compared to controls. Moreover, the levels of CHIT1 correlate with the medulla oblongata and pons metabolism, and CHI3L2 with medulla oblongata metabolism. From a clinical perspective, CHI3L2 correlates with ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised (ALSFRS-r) scores at the first visit, delta-ALSFRS-r score and patients survival. Discussion. Our findings suggest a potential relationship between microglial activation and disease severity, further strengthening the hypothesis that neuroinflammation and activated microglia play a central role in ALS pathogenesis. These considerations could enhance the foundations for the research and development of specific targeted therapies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bebeti_Alen.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.12 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.12 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96750