Background of the study. Alemtuzumab (ALEM), an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, is an approved induction therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Alongside other biological therapies, ALEM is considered a highly effective treatment, capable of markedly reducing disease inflammatory activity. Despite its intriguing biological mechanism and proven efficacy, the clinical use of ALEM has been significantly reduced due to severe adverse events and subsequent regulatory restrictions. However, since other high-efficacy treatments (HETs) also present potential safety concerns, it is important to define whether ALEM can still play a role in the therapeutic landscape of MS. Aim of the study. To evaluate the role of ALEM in the current therapeutic landscape of MS, we conducted a retrospective, longitudinal, single-center study aimed at identifying best responders to this treatment. Materials & methods. All patients were clinically and radiologically followed up every 6 months. Clinical and radiological relapse, as well as No Evidence of Disease Activity 3 (NEDA-3), were evaluated every year and by means of survival analysis, also in association with baseline parameters. Results. This study enrolled 81 MS patients who remained off disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for 65.3 ± 27.7 months following treatment with ALEM. At month 36, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores showed a significant improvement (p=0.04). Cox regression analysis revealed that radiological disease activity at the end of the full ALEM cycle was associated with the annualized relapse rate in the 6 months prior to treatment (HR 1.94, p<0.05). NEDA-3 status was achieved in 80.7% of patients. Among patients with MS who started ALEM after natalizumab (NTZ), the likelihood of achieving NEDA-3 was associated with age at disease onset (p=0.039). The proportion of patients who achieved NEDA-3 status in this subgroup was 93%. A total of 36 adverse events were reported. One month after the first ALEM infusion, 3 patients developed neutropenic fever and 2 developed pneumonia. During follow-up, 25 MS patients developed autoimmune thyroiditis, while 2 patients experienced other autoimmune events (autoimmune thrombocytopenia and anti-GABAA-R encephalitis). Conclusions. Our results confirm the strong efficacy of ALEM in MS patients, particularly in those previously treated with NTZ and with adult-onset disease. In this setting, ALEM may represent a valid therapeutic option for the subgroup of patients who develop positivity for anti-JCV antibodies (John Cunningham virus, JC polyomavirus).
Presupposti dello studio. Alemtuzumab (ALEM), anticorpo monoclonale anti-CD52, rientra tra le terapie d’induzione approvate per il trattamento della sclerosi multipla (SM). Insieme ad altre terapie biologiche, ALEM è considerato un trattamento altamente efficace per questa patologia, in grado di ridurre marcatamente l’attività infiammatoria di malattia. Nonostante l’interessante meccanismo biologico e l’efficacia dimostrata, l’impiego di ALEM nella pratica clinica è stato significativamente ridotto a seguito di eventi avversi gravi e delle conseguenti restrizioni regolatorie. Tuttavia, poiché anche le altre terapie ad alta efficacia (High Efficacy Treatments, HETs) presentano potenziali criticità nel profilo di sicurezza, è importante definire se ALEM possa ancora avere un ruolo nello scenario terapeutico della SM. Scopo dello studio. Per valutare il ruolo di ALEM nell’attuale panorama terapeutico della SM, abbiamo condotto uno studio retrospettivo, longitudinale e monocentrico, volto a identificare i pazienti che meglio rispondono a questo trattamento. Materiali e metodi. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a follow-up clinico e radiologico ogni 6 mesi. Le recidive cliniche e radiologiche, così come la condizione di assenza di attività di malattia (No Evidence of Disease Activity 3, NEDA-3), sono state valutate annualmente e attraverso un’analisi di sopravvivenza, anche in associazione con i parametri basali. Risultati. In questo studio sono stati arruolati 81 pazienti affetti da SM, rimasti senza terapia modificante la malattia (Disease Modifying Therapy, DMT) per 65.3 ± 27.7 mesi dopo trattamento con ALEM. Al 36° mese i valori della scala Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) hanno mostrato un miglioramento significativo (p=0.04). L’analisi di regressione di Cox ha rivelato che l’attività radiologica di malattia, al termine del ciclo completo di ALEM, è associata al tasso annualizzato di recidiva nei 6 mesi precedenti il trattamento (HR 1.94, p<0.05). La condizione di NEDA-3 è stata raggiunta nell’80.7% dei pazienti. Nei pazienti con SM che hanno iniziato ALEM dopo natalizumab (NTZ), la probabilità di raggiungimento della condizione di NEDA-3 è associata all’età d’esordio di malattia (p=0.039). La percentuale di pazienti NEDA-3 in questo sottogruppo è del 93%. In totale sono stati riportati 36 eventi avversi. Ad un mese dalla prima infusione di ALEM, 3 pazienti hanno sviluppato neutropenia febbrile e 2 polmonite. 25 pazienti con SM hanno sviluppato tiroidite autoimmune nel corso del follow-up, mentre in 2 pazienti sono stati osservati altri eventi autoimmuni (trombocitopenia autoimmune ed encefalite anti-GABAA-R). Conclusioni. I nostri risultati confermano la forte efficacia di ALEM nei pazienti affetti da SM, in particolare in quelli precedentemente trattati con NTZ e con esordio di malattia in età adulta. In questo contesto, ALEM potrebbe rappresentare un’opzione terapeutica valida nel sottogruppo di pazienti che sviluppano la positività per gli anticorpi anti-JCV (virus di John Cunningham, poliomavirus JC).
Trattamento con alemtuzumab in pazienti con Sclerosi Multipla Recidivante Remittente: valutazione del profilo di efficacia e sicurezza.
GAGGIOLA, MARTA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background of the study. Alemtuzumab (ALEM), an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, is an approved induction therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Alongside other biological therapies, ALEM is considered a highly effective treatment, capable of markedly reducing disease inflammatory activity. Despite its intriguing biological mechanism and proven efficacy, the clinical use of ALEM has been significantly reduced due to severe adverse events and subsequent regulatory restrictions. However, since other high-efficacy treatments (HETs) also present potential safety concerns, it is important to define whether ALEM can still play a role in the therapeutic landscape of MS. Aim of the study. To evaluate the role of ALEM in the current therapeutic landscape of MS, we conducted a retrospective, longitudinal, single-center study aimed at identifying best responders to this treatment. Materials & methods. All patients were clinically and radiologically followed up every 6 months. Clinical and radiological relapse, as well as No Evidence of Disease Activity 3 (NEDA-3), were evaluated every year and by means of survival analysis, also in association with baseline parameters. Results. This study enrolled 81 MS patients who remained off disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for 65.3 ± 27.7 months following treatment with ALEM. At month 36, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores showed a significant improvement (p=0.04). Cox regression analysis revealed that radiological disease activity at the end of the full ALEM cycle was associated with the annualized relapse rate in the 6 months prior to treatment (HR 1.94, p<0.05). NEDA-3 status was achieved in 80.7% of patients. Among patients with MS who started ALEM after natalizumab (NTZ), the likelihood of achieving NEDA-3 was associated with age at disease onset (p=0.039). The proportion of patients who achieved NEDA-3 status in this subgroup was 93%. A total of 36 adverse events were reported. One month after the first ALEM infusion, 3 patients developed neutropenic fever and 2 developed pneumonia. During follow-up, 25 MS patients developed autoimmune thyroiditis, while 2 patients experienced other autoimmune events (autoimmune thrombocytopenia and anti-GABAA-R encephalitis). Conclusions. Our results confirm the strong efficacy of ALEM in MS patients, particularly in those previously treated with NTZ and with adult-onset disease. In this setting, ALEM may represent a valid therapeutic option for the subgroup of patients who develop positivity for anti-JCV antibodies (John Cunningham virus, JC polyomavirus).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96751