Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) typically presents in young adults, but late-onset multiple sclerosis (LOMS), here defined as the onset of symptoms after the age of 55, represents a distinct clinical phenotype with unique demographic, clinical and radiological features. Objective: This study aims to compare the demographic characteristics, CSF biomarkers and radiological aspects between patients with LOMS and AOMS at diagnosis, and longitudinal parameters of disease activity and progression in the follow up. Methods: Starting from 217 patients, we applied a 1:4 (LOMS:AOMS) propensity score matching for disease duration. Demographic (sex, age at onset), clinical (EDSS at diagnosis, clinical phenotype), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) variables were retrospectively collected for both groups. Subsequently, a 1:2 propensity score matching was performed for disease duration, sex, and clinical phenotype to further compare radiological variables (spinal cord lesions and brain lesion volume), clinical features (mode of onset and treatment initiation), and follow-up parameters, including clinical and radiological relapses, progression independent of relapse and MRI activity (PIRMA), and confirmed disability worsening (CDW). Results: A higher proportion of LOMS presented with primary progressive MS compared to AOMS, and LOMS had higher EDSS scores at diagnosis;standard CSF analysis revealed no significant differences in terms of CSF-restricted IgG oligoclonal bands, while a significantly higher pleocytosis was observed in AOMS compared to LOMS patients. No statistically significant differences were found in treatment initiation or in the proportion of patients receiving high-efficacy therapies (HET). Similarly, radiological characteristics (including the presence of spinal cord lesions and total brain lesion volume) did not differ significantly between groups. During a two-year follow-up, no significant differences emerged in the probability of clinical or radiological relapses. LOMS patients showed a higher likelihood of CDW within the first two years; however, when excluding primary progressive cases, no significant differences were observed in PIRMA over a follow-up period of up to ten years. Conclusions: Patients with LOMS present more frequently a progressive disease phenotype and higher disability at diagnosis, with radiological and CSF profiles similar to AOMS patients; despite an increased risk of early disability accumulation, the inflammatory disease activity and progression independent of relapses do not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and treating LOMS patients with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), taking into account clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and the specific challenges associated with later disease onset.
Introduzione: La sclerosi multipla (SM) si manifesta tipicamente nei giovani adulti, ma le forme ad esordio tardivo (LOMS), definite in questo studio con esordio dei sintomi dopo i 55 anni di età, rappresentano un fenotipo clinico distinto, caratterizzato da specifiche peculiarità demografiche, cliniche e radiologiche. Obiettivi: Questo studio mira a confrontare le caratteristiche demografiche, i biomarcatori liquorali e gli aspetti radiologici di pazienti con LOMS e AOMS al momento della diagnosi, e di valutare nel follow-up l’andamento di parametri longitudinali di attività di malattia e di progressione. Metodi: A partire da una coorte di 217 pazienti, è stato applicato un propensity score matching 1:4 (LOMS:AOMS) per durata di malattia. Per entrambi i gruppi sono state raccolte retrospettivamente le variabili demografiche (sesso, età d’esordio), cliniche (EDSS alla diagnosi, fenotipo clinico) e liquorali (cellularità, danno di barriera, bande oligoclonali IgG). Successivamente è stato effettuato un secondo propensity score matching 1:2 per durata di malattia, sesso e fenotipo clinico, con l’obiettivo di confrontare le variabili radiologiche (lesioni midollari e volume lesionale encefalico), cliniche (modalità di esordio e avvio di terapia specifica) e di follow-up, in particolare la probabilità di ricaduta cliniche e radiologiche, di progressione indipendente da ricadute e attività alla risonanza magnetica (PIRMA) e di peggioramento della disabilità confermato (CDW). Risultati: I pazienti LOMS presentano un fenotipo primariamente progressivo e un punteggio EDSS più elevato alla diagnosi rispetto ai pazienti AOMS. L’analisi liquorale non ha evidenziato differenze significative nella frequenza delle bande oligoclonali IgG, mentre la cellularità è risultata significativamente più elevata nelle AOMS rispetto alle LOMS. Non sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative né sull’indicazione all’avvio della terapia né nella percentuale di utilizzo di terapie ad alta efficacia (HET). Anche le caratteristiche radiologiche (presenza di lesioni midollari e carico lesionale encefalico totale) non differiscono significativamente tra i due gruppi. Durante un follow-up di 2 anni non sono state osservate differenze significative nella probabilità di ricadute cliniche o radiologiche. I pazienti con LOMS hanno mostrato una maggiore probabilità di CDW nei primi due anni; tuttavia, escludendo i casi con forma primaria progressiva, non sono state riscontrate differenze significative nel PIRMA fino a dieci anni di follow-up. Conclusioni: I pazienti con LOMS presentano più frequentemente un fenotipo progressivo di malattia e una maggiore disabilità alla diagnosi, con quadri radiologici e liquorali simili a quelli dei pazienti AOMS; nonostante un aumentato rischio di accumulo precoce di disabilità, l’attività infiammatoria di malattia e la progressione indipendente da ricadute non mostrano differenze significative tra i due gruppi. Questi risultati sottolineano l’importanza di monitorare e trattare con terapie disease modifying (DMT) i pazienti con LOMS, considerando le peculiarità cliniche, le comorbidità e le criticità degli esordi più tardivi.
Confronto tra Sclerosi multipla a esordio tardivo e adulto: caratteristiche cliniche, liquorali e radiologiche alla diagnosi e decorso nel follow-up
ZANOTELLI, GIOVANNI
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) typically presents in young adults, but late-onset multiple sclerosis (LOMS), here defined as the onset of symptoms after the age of 55, represents a distinct clinical phenotype with unique demographic, clinical and radiological features. Objective: This study aims to compare the demographic characteristics, CSF biomarkers and radiological aspects between patients with LOMS and AOMS at diagnosis, and longitudinal parameters of disease activity and progression in the follow up. Methods: Starting from 217 patients, we applied a 1:4 (LOMS:AOMS) propensity score matching for disease duration. Demographic (sex, age at onset), clinical (EDSS at diagnosis, clinical phenotype), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) variables were retrospectively collected for both groups. Subsequently, a 1:2 propensity score matching was performed for disease duration, sex, and clinical phenotype to further compare radiological variables (spinal cord lesions and brain lesion volume), clinical features (mode of onset and treatment initiation), and follow-up parameters, including clinical and radiological relapses, progression independent of relapse and MRI activity (PIRMA), and confirmed disability worsening (CDW). Results: A higher proportion of LOMS presented with primary progressive MS compared to AOMS, and LOMS had higher EDSS scores at diagnosis;standard CSF analysis revealed no significant differences in terms of CSF-restricted IgG oligoclonal bands, while a significantly higher pleocytosis was observed in AOMS compared to LOMS patients. No statistically significant differences were found in treatment initiation or in the proportion of patients receiving high-efficacy therapies (HET). Similarly, radiological characteristics (including the presence of spinal cord lesions and total brain lesion volume) did not differ significantly between groups. During a two-year follow-up, no significant differences emerged in the probability of clinical or radiological relapses. LOMS patients showed a higher likelihood of CDW within the first two years; however, when excluding primary progressive cases, no significant differences were observed in PIRMA over a follow-up period of up to ten years. Conclusions: Patients with LOMS present more frequently a progressive disease phenotype and higher disability at diagnosis, with radiological and CSF profiles similar to AOMS patients; despite an increased risk of early disability accumulation, the inflammatory disease activity and progression independent of relapses do not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and treating LOMS patients with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), taking into account clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and the specific challenges associated with later disease onset.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96753