Introduction: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder. It is a complex disease, with a still not fully understood pathogenesis, and with the potential to evolve into severe, atrophic, and scarring alterations which may cause relevant functional impairment. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA, and IL-31RA in mucosal samples from patients affected by genital LS, and to compare these findings with those obtained from healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Biopsy specimens of LS were obtained from genital biopsies of patients with histologically confirmed LS; biopsy specimens of genital melanotic macules taken from healthy individuals served as controls. The specimens of LS were classified into two groups, early-stage LS and late-stage LS: early-stage LS was defined by the predominance of an inflammatory pattern, whereas late-stage LS was defined by the predominance of a sclerotic pattern with minimal or absent inflammation. Tissue expressions of IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA, and IL-31RA were assessed using immunohistochemical reactions on 5-μm formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. For each samples, the evaluation was performed by calculating the H-score for each protein across four different cell types: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Comparisons between cases and controls were carried out using the Mann–Whitney U test, considering median values of H-score; the same test was also applied to assess differences between females and males, and between early and late stages of the disease. Results: A total of 35 patients with genital LS (23 males and 12 females; 9 early-stage LS and 26 late-stage LS) and 6 healthy controls (genital melanosis) were enrolled. When compared to controls, LS samples showed a significantly higher expression of: IL-17A in keratinocytes (5 vs 0, p = 0.048), lymphocytes (20 vs 2.5, p < 0.001), and endothelial cells (20 vs 2.5, p = 0.015); IL-17RA in fibroblasts (5 vs 0, p = 0.024), lymphocytes (10 vs 1, p = 0.002), and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.008); IL-31 in fibroblasts (5 vs 0, p = 0.021), lymphocytes (10 vs 0, p = 0.003), and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.016); IL-31RA in fibroblasts (30 vs 10, p = 0.003), lymphocytes (50 vs 7.5, p = 0.002), and endothelial cells (30 vs 5, p = 0.002). Furthermore, female patients exhibited a significantly higher expression of IL-31 in fibroblasts (7.5 vs 0, p = 0.002) and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.012), and of IL-31RA in keratinocytes (50 vs 20, p = 0.019). Finally, no statistically significant differences were found between early-stage and late-stage LS for any of the proteins analyzed across the different cell types. Discussion: Overall, LS samples demonstrated stronger immunoreactivity than controls for all proteins analyzed in the four cell types, supporting a potential role of IL-17 and IL-31 in the pathogenesis of genital LS. Emerging evidence suggests a profibrotic role of both IL-17 and IL-31, not only in the skin but also in several other organs, including the lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Furthermore, the higher expression of IL-31 and IL-31RA observed in females may provide a biological explanation for the greater prevalence and intensity of pruritus reported in female patients with genital LS. Conclusions: The findings of this study support a potential role of IL-17 and IL-31 in the pathogenesis of genital LS. Further larger studies are certainly needed to confirm our results.
Introduzione: Il lichen sclerosus (LS) è una patologia infiammatoria mucocutanea immuno-mediata, a decorso cronico-recidivante. Si tratta di una patologia complessa, con una patogenesi non ancora del tutto chiarita, e con potenzialità evolutiva verso alterazioni morfologiche atrofico-cicatriziali severe e limitanti dal punto di vista funzionale. Scopo dello studio: Scopo di questo studio è stato valutare l’espressione immunoistochimica di IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA e IL-31RA in campioni bioptici di pazienti affetti da LS genitale, confrontandola con quella di cute genitale prelevata da controlli sani. Materiali e Metodi: I campioni bioptici dei casi sono stati ottenuti da biopsie genitali di pazienti affetti da LS istologicamente confermato; i campioni bioptici dei controlli sono stati ottenuti da biopsie di macule melanotiche genitali. I preparati istologici sono stati distinti in due categorie: early stage LS e late stage LS, considerando come stadio early i preparati in cui prevaleva la componente infiammatoria con meno del 50% di scleroialinosi dermica, e come stadio late quelli in cui prevaleva la componente sclerotica con infiltrato infiammatorio scarso o assente. La valutazione dell’espressione tissutale di IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA e IL-31RA è stata eseguita mediante metodo immunoistochimico su campioni bioptici di 5 μm, fissati in formalina e inclusi in paraffina. La valutazione è stata eseguita calcolando l’H-score per ciascuna proteina su quattro citotipi differenti in ciascun campione: cheratinociti, fibroblasti, linfociti e cellule endoteliali. Il confronto fra casi e controlli delle mediane degli H-score delle proteine oggetto di studio nei vari citotipi analizzati è stato eseguito utilizzando il test U di Mann-Whitney; lo stesso test è stato utilizzato anche per valutare differenze fra femmine e maschi, e fra fase early e fase late di malattia. Risultati: Sono stati arruolati 35 pazienti affetti da LS genitale (23 maschi e 12 femmine; 9 pazienti con early LS e 26 pazienti con late LS) e 6 controlli sani (melanosi genitali). Nei casi è emersa una espressione significativamente maggiore rispetto ai controlli di: IL-17A a livello di cheratinociti (5 vs 0, p=0.048), linfociti (20 vs 2.5, p<0.001) e cellule endoteliali (20 vs 2.5, p=0.015); IL-17RA a livello di fibroblasti (5 vs 0, p=0.024), linfociti (10 vs 1, p=0.002) e cellule endoteliali (5 vs 0, p=0.008); IL-31 a livello di fibroblasti (5 vs 0, p=0.021), linfociti (10 vs 0, p=0.003) e cellule endoteliali (5 vs 0, p=0.016); IL-31RA a livello di fibroblasti (30 vs 10, p=0.003), linfociti (50 vs 7.5, p=0.002) e cellule endoteliali (30 vs 5, p=0.002). Inoltre, è emersa una espressione significativamente maggiore nelle femmine rispetto ai maschi di: IL-31 a livello di fibroblasti (7.5 vs 0, p=0.002) e cellule endoteliali (5 vs 0, p=0.012); IL-31RA a livello dei cheratinociti (50 vs 20, p=0.019). Infine, non sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative tra fase early e fase late di malattia per nessuna delle proteine analizzate nei vari citotipi. Discussione: I casi hanno dimostrato, in generale, una immunoreattività maggiore rispetto ai controlli per tutte le proteine analizzate nei vari citotipi, a supporto del potenziale ruolo patogenetico delle stesse nella patogenesi del LS genitale. Sempre più evidenze in Letteratura suggeriscono, in effetti, un potenziale ruolo profibrotico dell’IL-17 e dell’IL-31 nella cute e in diversi organi interni, come polmoni, fegato, reni e intestino. Inoltre, dal confronto femmine vs maschi emerge nelle femmine una maggiore espressione di IL-31 e di IL-31RA, che potrebbe giustificare la maggiore prevalenza della sintomatologia pruriginosa nella femmina rispetto al maschio. Conclusioni: I risultati del presente studio suggeriscono un potenziale ruolo di IL-17 e IL-31 nella patogenesi del LS genitale. Sono necessari ulteriori studi su campioni più numerosi per confermare i risultati dello studio.
Analisi immunoistochimica dell’espressione di IL-17, IL-31 e dei loro recettori in una coorte di pazienti affetti da lichen sclerosus genitale
CIOLFI, CHRISTIAN
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder. It is a complex disease, with a still not fully understood pathogenesis, and with the potential to evolve into severe, atrophic, and scarring alterations which may cause relevant functional impairment. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA, and IL-31RA in mucosal samples from patients affected by genital LS, and to compare these findings with those obtained from healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Biopsy specimens of LS were obtained from genital biopsies of patients with histologically confirmed LS; biopsy specimens of genital melanotic macules taken from healthy individuals served as controls. The specimens of LS were classified into two groups, early-stage LS and late-stage LS: early-stage LS was defined by the predominance of an inflammatory pattern, whereas late-stage LS was defined by the predominance of a sclerotic pattern with minimal or absent inflammation. Tissue expressions of IL-17A, IL-31, IL-17RA, and IL-31RA were assessed using immunohistochemical reactions on 5-μm formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. For each samples, the evaluation was performed by calculating the H-score for each protein across four different cell types: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Comparisons between cases and controls were carried out using the Mann–Whitney U test, considering median values of H-score; the same test was also applied to assess differences between females and males, and between early and late stages of the disease. Results: A total of 35 patients with genital LS (23 males and 12 females; 9 early-stage LS and 26 late-stage LS) and 6 healthy controls (genital melanosis) were enrolled. When compared to controls, LS samples showed a significantly higher expression of: IL-17A in keratinocytes (5 vs 0, p = 0.048), lymphocytes (20 vs 2.5, p < 0.001), and endothelial cells (20 vs 2.5, p = 0.015); IL-17RA in fibroblasts (5 vs 0, p = 0.024), lymphocytes (10 vs 1, p = 0.002), and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.008); IL-31 in fibroblasts (5 vs 0, p = 0.021), lymphocytes (10 vs 0, p = 0.003), and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.016); IL-31RA in fibroblasts (30 vs 10, p = 0.003), lymphocytes (50 vs 7.5, p = 0.002), and endothelial cells (30 vs 5, p = 0.002). Furthermore, female patients exhibited a significantly higher expression of IL-31 in fibroblasts (7.5 vs 0, p = 0.002) and endothelial cells (5 vs 0, p = 0.012), and of IL-31RA in keratinocytes (50 vs 20, p = 0.019). Finally, no statistically significant differences were found between early-stage and late-stage LS for any of the proteins analyzed across the different cell types. Discussion: Overall, LS samples demonstrated stronger immunoreactivity than controls for all proteins analyzed in the four cell types, supporting a potential role of IL-17 and IL-31 in the pathogenesis of genital LS. Emerging evidence suggests a profibrotic role of both IL-17 and IL-31, not only in the skin but also in several other organs, including the lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Furthermore, the higher expression of IL-31 and IL-31RA observed in females may provide a biological explanation for the greater prevalence and intensity of pruritus reported in female patients with genital LS. Conclusions: The findings of this study support a potential role of IL-17 and IL-31 in the pathogenesis of genital LS. Further larger studies are certainly needed to confirm our results.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96790