The diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections remains a challenge for clinical microbiologists. While microscopy is still considered the gold standard, it is time-consuming, requires specialized personnel, and has notable sensitivity limitations. Molecular techniques—particularly PCR—offer a promising alternative for operator-independent diagnostics. However, technical barriers persist, mainly due to the inefficient extraction of DNA from helminth eggs. This study aimed to develop a molecular diagnostic protocol incorporating a preliminary sample treatment step to disrupt helminth eggs, thereby enhancing DNA extraction and optimizing overall diagnostic performance. In 2022, 120 fecal samples were collected from symptomatic patients (presenting with diarrhea and abdominal pain) living in both rural and urban areas of Burundi. The samples were sent to the Microbiology and Virology Unit at the University Hospital of Padua, where they were initially examined by microscopy. They were then analyzed using a multiplex real-time PCR technique: DNA was extracted using the commercial Microlab Nimbus IVD® kit (Seegene) and amplified using the Allplex GI Helminth Assay® (Seegene), a multiplex real-time PCR kit specifically designed to detect one protozoan (not included in this study) and eight helminth species. Microscopy identified 32 samples as positive for helminths: 20 were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 for Trichuris trichiura, and 5 showed co-infection with both species. Multiplex RT-PCR confirmed 15 of the 20 Ascaris cases, 4 of the 7 Trichuris cases, and 3 of the 5 co-infections. Compared with conventional microscopy, the molecular protocol yielded 8 false negatives (5 involving unfertilized Ascaris eggs and 3 for Trichuris) but also detected 5 infections missed by microscopy (4 Trichuris, 1 Ascaris). Sample homogenization proved to be crucial: 10 samples that tested positive by both microscopy and RT-PCR returned false-negative results when not homogenized prior to PCR analysis. The combination of the Allplex GI-Helminth Assay® with the Microlab Nimbus® system demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting fertilized eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris. However, further refinement of the sample collection, preservation, and DNA extraction protocols is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy, particularly in samples with a low fecal egg burden.
La diagnostica delle elmintiasi intestinali rappresenta ancora una sfida per il microbiologo clinico. Sebbene la microscopia sia considerata il gold standard, richiede tempi lunghi, personale specializzato e presenta limiti di sensibilità. Le tecniche molecolari, in particolare la PCR, sono promettenti per una diagnostica operatore-indipendente; nonostante ciò, si riscontrano ancora ostacoli tecnici, principalmente legati all’inefficiente estrazione di DNA dalle uova degli elminti. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di sviluppare un protocollo diagnostico molecolare caratterizzato da un trattamento preliminare dei campioni, volto a frantumare le uova per migliorare l’estrazione del DNA ed ottimizzare la procedura diagnostica. Nel 2022 sono stati raccolti 120 campioni fecali da pazienti sintomatici, con diarrea e dolori addominali, residenti in aree sia rurali che urbane del Burundi. I campioni sono stati inviati all’ UOC di Microbiologia e Virologia dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, dove sono stati inizialmente valutati microscopicamente. Successivamente sono stati analizzati utilizzando la tecnica di PCR real-time multiplex: il DNA dei campioni è stato estratto utilizzando il kit commerciale Microlab Nimbus IVD® (Seegene) e sottoposto ad amplificazione con PCR utilizzando l’Allplex GI helminth assay® (Seegene), un kit per PCR real-time multiplex specificamente sviluppato per identificare un protozoo (non oggetto di questo lavoro di tesi ) e otto specie di elminti. La microscopia ha rivelato 32 campioni positivi agli elminti: 20 positivi per Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 per Trichuris trichiura e 5 hanno mostrato una co-infezione di entrambi. La RT-PCR multiplex ha confermato 15 casi su 20 di Ascaris lumbricoides, 4 casi su 7 di Trichuris trichiura e 3 su 5 di campioni co-infettati. Il protocollo di biologia molecolare utilizzato, confrontato con le tecniche di microscopia convenzionale, ha mostrato 8 falsi negativi (5 per uova non fecondate di Ascaris e 3 per Trichuris), ma ha individuato anche 5 infezioni non rilevate dalla microscopia (4 Trichuris e 1 Ascaris). L’omogeneizzazione dei campioni si è rivelata fondamentale, poiché 10 campioni positivi sia alla microscopia che alla RT-PCR, sono tutti risultati negativi in RT-PCR quando non omogeneizzati. L’utilizzo di Allplex GI-Helminth Assay®, in combinazione con il sistema Microlab Nimbus®, ha dimostrato un’elevata sensibilità nell’identificazione delle uova fecondate di Ascaris e Trichuris. Tuttavia, è necessario ottimizzare ulteriormente il protocollo di raccolta, conservazione ed estrazione del DNA dei campioni al fine di migliorare l’accuratezza diagnostica soprattutto nei campioni a bassa carica fecale.
Analisi delle parassitosi gastro-intestinali: studio su campioni fecali raccolti dal laboratorio dell’ospedale Santa Terezina Muremera-Ngozi (Burundi).
BIGIRIMANA, FRANCOISE
2023/2024
Abstract
The diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections remains a challenge for clinical microbiologists. While microscopy is still considered the gold standard, it is time-consuming, requires specialized personnel, and has notable sensitivity limitations. Molecular techniques—particularly PCR—offer a promising alternative for operator-independent diagnostics. However, technical barriers persist, mainly due to the inefficient extraction of DNA from helminth eggs. This study aimed to develop a molecular diagnostic protocol incorporating a preliminary sample treatment step to disrupt helminth eggs, thereby enhancing DNA extraction and optimizing overall diagnostic performance. In 2022, 120 fecal samples were collected from symptomatic patients (presenting with diarrhea and abdominal pain) living in both rural and urban areas of Burundi. The samples were sent to the Microbiology and Virology Unit at the University Hospital of Padua, where they were initially examined by microscopy. They were then analyzed using a multiplex real-time PCR technique: DNA was extracted using the commercial Microlab Nimbus IVD® kit (Seegene) and amplified using the Allplex GI Helminth Assay® (Seegene), a multiplex real-time PCR kit specifically designed to detect one protozoan (not included in this study) and eight helminth species. Microscopy identified 32 samples as positive for helminths: 20 were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 for Trichuris trichiura, and 5 showed co-infection with both species. Multiplex RT-PCR confirmed 15 of the 20 Ascaris cases, 4 of the 7 Trichuris cases, and 3 of the 5 co-infections. Compared with conventional microscopy, the molecular protocol yielded 8 false negatives (5 involving unfertilized Ascaris eggs and 3 for Trichuris) but also detected 5 infections missed by microscopy (4 Trichuris, 1 Ascaris). Sample homogenization proved to be crucial: 10 samples that tested positive by both microscopy and RT-PCR returned false-negative results when not homogenized prior to PCR analysis. The combination of the Allplex GI-Helminth Assay® with the Microlab Nimbus® system demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting fertilized eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris. However, further refinement of the sample collection, preservation, and DNA extraction protocols is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy, particularly in samples with a low fecal egg burden.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96829