Introduction. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a relevant complication in implant-based breast reconstruction. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading pathogen involved, providing a strong rationale for screening and decolonization programs in high-risk settings, although evidence remains limited in breast reconstruction. Materials and methods. Retrospective single-center observational study conducted at IOV–IRCCS on 1,535 breast reconstruction procedures (1,328 patients) performed between 2020 and 2023. Patients were assigned to two cohorts based on whether preoperative nasal screening for S. aureus was performed. Primary outcomes were 12-month SSI incidence and readmission; secondary outcomes included associations with comorbidities and clinical-care, demographic, therapeutic, and surgical variables. Associations were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results. Cumulative SSI incidence was 5.5% (85 events), with a significant reduction from 8.7% in 2020 to 3.5% in 2023 (p=0.0109). There were 52 readmissions (3.4%), 94% attributable to infectious complications. S. aureus was the most frequent pathogen (35.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.8%). Tissue expander placement, older age, higher BMI, and neoadjuvant therapy were independent risk factors. Screening showed a non-significant protective trend (HR 0.68 for infection; HR 0.66 for readmission); a positive swab predicted a higher risk of readmission (HR 3.04; p=0.048). Discussion. The findings confirm the central role of clinical factors (age, BMI, neoadjuvant therapy) and surgical factors (tissue expander) in infection risk. Preoperative S. aureus screening did not demonstrate an independently significant effect, but signals were consistent with a potential benefit, in line with the literature and recommendations for high-risk implant surgeries. Conclusions. Implant-based breast reconstruction entails a non-negligible risk of SSI, modulated by patient characteristics and surgical technique. S. aureus screening and decolonization, integrated within multimodal prevention strategies and antimicrobial stewardship, are likely to contribute to risk reduction; dedicated prospective studies are warranted to define clinical effectiveness and organizational impact, including cost-effectiveness analyses.
Introduzione. Le infezioni del sito chirurgico rappresentano una complicanza rilevante nella chirurgia senologica ricostruttiva con impianto. Lo Staphylococcus aureus è il principale patogeno coinvolto, con una forte associazione a programmi di screening e decolonizzazione in setting ad alto rischio, ma con evidenze ancora limitate in ambito ricostruttivo mammario. Materiali e metodi. Studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico condotto presso lo IOV–IRCCS su 1.535 interventi di ricostruzione mammaria (1.328 pazienti) eseguiti nel periodo 2020–2023. Le pazienti sono state suddivise in due coorti in base all’esecuzione dello screening nasale preoperatorio per S. aureus. Gli outcome primari sono l’incidenza di infezioni del sito chirurgico entro 12 mesi e di riospedalizzazione, quelli secondari includono l’associazione con comorbidità e variabili clinico-assistenziali, demografiche, terapeutiche e di tecnica chirurgica. Le associazioni sono state analizzate mediante curve di Kaplan–Meier e modelli di regressione di Cox. Risultati. L’incidenza cumulativa di infezione del sito chirurgico è stata del 5.5% (85 eventi), con riduzione significativa dall’8.7% nel 2020 al 3.5% nel 2023 (p=0.0109). Le riospedalizzazioni sono state 52 (3.4%), correlate per il 94% da complicanze infettive. S. aureus è risultato il patogeno più frequente (35.3%), seguito da Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.8%). L’impianto di espansore, l’età, il BMI elevato e la terapia neoadiuvante si sono confermati fattori indipendenti di rischio. Lo screening ha mostrato una tendenza protettiva non significativa (HR 0.68 per infezione; HR 0.66 per riospedalizzazione); la positività del tampone è risultata predittiva di maggior rischio di riospedalizzazione (HR 3.04; p=0.048). Discussione. I risultati confermano il ruolo decisivo dei fattori clinici (età, BMI, neoadiuvante) e chirurgici (espansore) nel rischio infettivo. Lo screening preoperatorio per S. aureus non ha evidenziato un effetto indipendente statisticamente significativo, ma segnali coerenti con un potenziale beneficio, in linea con la letteratura e con le raccomandazioni per chirurgie ad alto rischio con impianto. Conclusioni. La ricostruzione mammaria con impianto determina un rischio non trascurabile di infezioni del sito chirurgico, modulato da caratteristiche del paziente e dalla tecnica chirurgica. Screening e decolonizzazione per S. aureus, integrati in strategie multimodali di prevenzione e stewardship antimicrobica, è verosimile che contribuiscano alla riduzione del rischio; sono necessari studi prospettici dedicati per definirne con precisione l’efficacia clinica e l’impatto organizzativo, anche tramite analisi di costo-efficacia.
Screening e decolonizzazione per Staphylococcus aureus nella chirurgia senologica ricostruttiva con impianto: analisi osservazionale retrospettiva presso lo IOV-IRCCS
GEPPINI, RUGGERO
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a relevant complication in implant-based breast reconstruction. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading pathogen involved, providing a strong rationale for screening and decolonization programs in high-risk settings, although evidence remains limited in breast reconstruction. Materials and methods. Retrospective single-center observational study conducted at IOV–IRCCS on 1,535 breast reconstruction procedures (1,328 patients) performed between 2020 and 2023. Patients were assigned to two cohorts based on whether preoperative nasal screening for S. aureus was performed. Primary outcomes were 12-month SSI incidence and readmission; secondary outcomes included associations with comorbidities and clinical-care, demographic, therapeutic, and surgical variables. Associations were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results. Cumulative SSI incidence was 5.5% (85 events), with a significant reduction from 8.7% in 2020 to 3.5% in 2023 (p=0.0109). There were 52 readmissions (3.4%), 94% attributable to infectious complications. S. aureus was the most frequent pathogen (35.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.8%). Tissue expander placement, older age, higher BMI, and neoadjuvant therapy were independent risk factors. Screening showed a non-significant protective trend (HR 0.68 for infection; HR 0.66 for readmission); a positive swab predicted a higher risk of readmission (HR 3.04; p=0.048). Discussion. The findings confirm the central role of clinical factors (age, BMI, neoadjuvant therapy) and surgical factors (tissue expander) in infection risk. Preoperative S. aureus screening did not demonstrate an independently significant effect, but signals were consistent with a potential benefit, in line with the literature and recommendations for high-risk implant surgeries. Conclusions. Implant-based breast reconstruction entails a non-negligible risk of SSI, modulated by patient characteristics and surgical technique. S. aureus screening and decolonization, integrated within multimodal prevention strategies and antimicrobial stewardship, are likely to contribute to risk reduction; dedicated prospective studies are warranted to define clinical effectiveness and organizational impact, including cost-effectiveness analyses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96891