Introduction: Depressive disorders are characterized by alterations in cognitive and emotional processes that impair the ability to regulate attention and behavior. Among the main factors contributing to the functional impairment associated with these disorders, alterations in cognitive control play a central role, influencing both symptom severity and treatment response. Objectives: This study aimed to identify deficits in cognitive control in patients with depressive disorders and to explore a possible relationship between emotional processing and cognitive control through electrophysiological (EEG) measures. Materials and Methods: A sample consisting of 17 patients with depressive disorders and 34 healthy controls performed a spatial Stroop task with facial emotional priming (sad vs neutral faces). The ERP components P300, LPC, and N170 were analyzed, associated respectively with cognitive control, late maintenance of attentional resources, and early emotional processing. Results: At the behavioral level, a significant Stroop effect emerged in both groups, with longer reaction times for incongruent trials and a more pronounced effect in patients. However, no significant interaction was found between emotional processing and cognitive control. In patients, alterations were observed in all three ERP components: the P300, peaking at posterior sites (POz, ~300 ms), showed reduced amplitude but a greater Stroop effect; the LPC (maximal at Pz, 480–620 ms) appeared globally reduced, especially in incongruent trials, with disappearance of the Stroop effect. Finally, the N170 was larger for sad compared to neutral faces, indicating enhanced early reactivity to negative stimuli. Conclusions: The results confirm that depression is associated with a deficit in sustained cognitive control mechanisms and greater sensitivity to negative stimuli. This pattern suggests a dysfunction of the fronto-parietal circuits involved in cognitive control, which may contribute to difficulties in effectively regulating attentional processes and emotions. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders and highlight the importance of further studies to clarify the role of cognitive and emotional alterations in depression.
Introduzione: I disturbi depressivi sono caratterizzati da alterazioni nei processi cognitivi ed emotivi che compromettono la capacità di regolazione dell’attenzione e del comportamento. Tra i principali fattori che contribuiscono alla compromissione funzionale di tali disturbi le alterazioni nel controllo cognitivo svolgono un ruolo centrale, influenzando la gravità dei sintomi e la risposta ai trattamenti. Obiettivi: Il presente studio mira a identificare i deficit di controllo cognitivo nei pazienti con disturbi depressivi e a indagare una possibile relazione tra elaborazione emotiva e controllo cognitivo mediante misure elettrofisiologiche (EEG). Materiali e metodi: Un campione costituito da 17 pazienti con disturbi depressivi e da 34 controlli sani ha eseguito un compito di Stroop spaziale con priming emotivo facciale (volti tristi vs neutri). Sono state analizzate le componenti P300 e LPC e N170, associate rispettivamente al controllo cognitivo, al mantenimento tardivo delle risorse attentive e all’elaborazione emotiva precoce. Risultati: A livello comportamentale è emerso un effetto Stroop significativo in entrambi i gruppi, con tempi di risposta più lunghi per i trial incongruenti, e un effetto più marcato nei pazienti. Tuttavia non è stata rilevata un’interazione significativa tra elaborazione emotiva e controllo cognitivo. Nei pazienti sono state riscontrate alterazioni in tutte e tre le componenti ERP analizzate: la P300, con picco nei canali posteriori (POz, ~300 ms), è risultata ridotta in ampiezza ma con un effetto Stroop più pronunciato; la LPC (massima su Pz, 480–620 ms) appariva globalmente ridotta, soprattutto nei trial incongruenti, con scomparsa dell’effetto Stroop. Infine la N170 è risultata più ampia per i volti tristi rispetto a quelli neutri, indicando una iper-reattività precoce agli stimoli negativi. Conclusioni: I risultati confermano che la depressione è associata a un deficit dei meccanismi di controllo cognitivo sostenuto e ad una maggiore sensibilità agli stimoli negativi. Tale pattern suggerisce una disfunzione dei circuiti fronto-parietali implicati nel controllo cognitivo, che può contribuire alle difficoltà di regolare in modo efficace processi attentivi e emozioni. Questi risultati contribuiscono a una comprensione più approfondita dei meccanismi neurocognitivi alla base dei disturbi depressivi e sottolineano l’importanza di ulteriori studi per chiarire il ruolo delle alterazioni cognitive ed emotive nella depressione.
Controllo Cognitivo ed Emozioni nella Depressione: un’analisi mediante Stroop Task e Potenziali Evento-Correlati
MENEGOZZO, ANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Depressive disorders are characterized by alterations in cognitive and emotional processes that impair the ability to regulate attention and behavior. Among the main factors contributing to the functional impairment associated with these disorders, alterations in cognitive control play a central role, influencing both symptom severity and treatment response. Objectives: This study aimed to identify deficits in cognitive control in patients with depressive disorders and to explore a possible relationship between emotional processing and cognitive control through electrophysiological (EEG) measures. Materials and Methods: A sample consisting of 17 patients with depressive disorders and 34 healthy controls performed a spatial Stroop task with facial emotional priming (sad vs neutral faces). The ERP components P300, LPC, and N170 were analyzed, associated respectively with cognitive control, late maintenance of attentional resources, and early emotional processing. Results: At the behavioral level, a significant Stroop effect emerged in both groups, with longer reaction times for incongruent trials and a more pronounced effect in patients. However, no significant interaction was found between emotional processing and cognitive control. In patients, alterations were observed in all three ERP components: the P300, peaking at posterior sites (POz, ~300 ms), showed reduced amplitude but a greater Stroop effect; the LPC (maximal at Pz, 480–620 ms) appeared globally reduced, especially in incongruent trials, with disappearance of the Stroop effect. Finally, the N170 was larger for sad compared to neutral faces, indicating enhanced early reactivity to negative stimuli. Conclusions: The results confirm that depression is associated with a deficit in sustained cognitive control mechanisms and greater sensitivity to negative stimuli. This pattern suggests a dysfunction of the fronto-parietal circuits involved in cognitive control, which may contribute to difficulties in effectively regulating attentional processes and emotions. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders and highlight the importance of further studies to clarify the role of cognitive and emotional alterations in depression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97078