The observation of premature ventricular beats (PVBs) in an apparently healthy athlete raises the concern of an underlying cardiac disease that may potentially cause risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate which features of PVCs recorded on exercise testing and 24 h ECG monitoring are predictive for the presence of an underlying cardiac pathology. We enrolled 264 competitive athletes (79% males, median age 39 [20-53] years) who underwent II level examinations for evaluation of PVBs detected during pre-partecipation cardiovascular screening (PPS). We included athletes with PVBs recorded on 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring or on exercise testing and without personal history of known cardiac disease. Clinical data, symptoms, family history for sudden cardiac death or cardiomyopathies, and baseline 12-lead ECG abnormalities were recorded. VAs were evaluated in terms of burden, complexity, morphology, exercise inducibility and reproducibility. Among 264 athletes, 198 underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiac diseases were detected in 86 athletes (32%) mostly with nonischemic left ventricular scar (NILVS), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and ion channel diseases. Family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and/or cardiomyopathy was significantly related to the presence of pathologic myocardial substrate (p=0,002). Both symptoms suggestive of malignant VAs and resting ECG abnormalities were more prevalent among athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease compared with healthy athletes (p=0.08 and p=0.007 respectively). Furthermore PVBs with multiple morphologies were documented in 60 (69%) athletes with diagnosis of pathologic substrates versus 42 (37.5%) without (p <0.001). PVBs reproducibility was, also, observed in 94% of athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease versus 80 % without (p=0.009). Evaluating PVBs morphology, VAs with right-bundle-branch-block (RBBB) and intermediate/superior axis (SA-IntA) configuration were more prevalent in athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease then in those without (75.5% versus 45%; p<0.001). And, among athletes with RBBB/SA-IntA, the contemporary presence of wide, monophasic, R wave in V1 or intrinsecoid deflection (InD) > 80 ms was prevalently found in athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease (47.7% versus 13.4 %; p<0.001). RBBB and inferior axis (IA) morphology with InD > 80 ms was detected in 13 (15%) athletes with cardiac disease diagnosis versus 6 (5%) without (p=0.021). At multivariable analysis symptoms suggestive of malignant arrhythmias (stress syncope or presyncope), PVBs polymorphic, PVBs reproducible and PVBs with RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and wide R wave in V1 were independent predictors of cardiac pathological substrate. PVBs are a common finding in competitive athletes during PPS. Therefore, identification of novel predictors that accurately stratify the risk of concealed cardiomyopathic substrates could enable a more targeted prescription of second-line investigations, optimizing the cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic work-up. In our study an underlying cardiac disease was identified in 32% of athletes. These findings highlight the need for accurate clinical evaluation and detailed characterization of PVBs features. We identified four independent predictors of disease: symptoms suggestive of malignant arrhythmias, PVBs polymorphic, PVBs reproducible and PVBs with RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and wide R wave in V1. Among these determinants, in our experience, PVBs with a RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and a wide, monophasic, R wave in V1 or IntD>80ms, are highly accurate predictors of underlying cardiac disease, in particular NILVS, which is an emerging cause of SCD in athletes.
Le extrasistoli ventricolari (PVBs) sono un riscontro frequente durante lo screening medico-sportivo (PPS) in atleti agonisti. Benché nella maggior parte degli atleti l’extrasistolia ventricolare sia idiopatica e benigna, in alcuni casi essa è manifestazione di una sottostante patologia cardiaca con potenziale rischio di SCD. L’obiettivo di questo studio è stato individuare quali caratteristiche dei PVBs registrati al test ergometrico ed al monitoraggio ECG Holter delle 24 ore siano predittori della presenza di sottostante cardiopatia. Nel presente studio sono stati arruolati 264 atleti agonisti, valutati presso il nostro Centro per il riscontro di PVBs nel corso del PPS. Sono stati inclusi atleti con PVBs registrate durante il monitoraggio ECG Holter delle 24 ore o durante il test ergometrico, senza una storia personale di cardiopatia nota; sono stati esclusi atleti con riscontro di cardiopatia ischemica. Per ciascun atleta sono stati registrati dati clinici, sintomi, anamnesi familiare positiva, ed anomalie elettrocardiografiche evidenziate all’ECG basale. I PVBs sono stati caratterizzati in termini di burden, complessità, morfologia, inducibilità con l’esercizio fisico e riproducibilità. Di 264 atleti, 198 sono stati sottoposti a risonanza magnetica cardiaca (CMR) e, nel 32% è stata posta diagnosi di patologia cardiaca non ischemica. Le patologie prevalentemente diagnosticate erano: cicatrice non ischemica isolata del ventricolo sinistro (NILVS), cardiomiopatia aritmogena (ACM), prolasso mitralico aritmico e patologie dei canali ionici. L’anamnesi familiare positiva per SCD e/o cardiomiopatia è risultata significativamente prevalente negli atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia rispetto agli atleti sani (p=0.002). Inoltre, la presenza di sintomi durante esercizio ed il riscontro di alterazioni all’ECG basale sono risultate variabili significativamente prevalenti nella popolazione di atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia rispetto alla popolazione di atleti sani (rispettivamente p=0,08 e p=0.007). I PVBs con plurime morfologie sono stati documentati nel 69% di atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia rispetto al 37,5% di atleti sani (p < 0,001) ed anche la riproducibilità dei PVBs in test ergometrici ripetuti è risultata prevalente nella popolazione di atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia (p = 0,009). Valutando il pattern morfologico dei PVBs, extrasistoli con morfologia a blocco di branca destra (BBD) ed asse intermedio/superiore (IntA-SA) sono state documentate nel 75,5% di atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia rispetto al 45% di atleti sani (p < 0,001) e, all’interno di tale sottogruppo morfologico, la contemporanea evidenza di un'onda R ampia, monofasica, in V1 o di una deflessione intrinsecoide (InD) > 80 ms era significativamente prevalente negli atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia (47,7% rispetto al 13,4%, p < 0,001). Inoltre, PVBs con morfologia a BBD ed asse inferiore (IA) con InD > 80 ms erano osservabili nel 15% di atleti con diagnosi di cardiopatia contro il 5% di atleti sani (p = 0,021). All'analisi multivariata sono risultati predittori indipendenti di cardiopatia non ischemica: 1) i sintomi suggestivi per aritmie maligne (sincope o pre-sincope durante esercizio), 2) PVBs polimorfi, 3) PVBs riproducibili, 4) PVBs con morfologia BBD/IntA-SA ed onda R ampia e monofasica in V1 o InD > 80 ms. I PVBs sono un riscontro frequente negli gli atleti nel corso del PPS. Per tale ragione è auspicabile identificare nuovi predittori in grado di stratificare con accuratezza il rischio di una sottostante patologia cardiovascolare, allo scopo sia di riconoscere precocemente condizioni a potenziale rischio di SCD che di ottimizzare l’impiego delle risorse sanitarie, prescrivendo indagini di II livello in modo mirato ad una popolazione adeguatamente selezionata.
Extrasistoli ventricolari nell'atleta: analisi delle caratteristiche morfologiche e fattori predittivi di patologia.
CARLUCCIO, CHIARA
2023/2024
Abstract
The observation of premature ventricular beats (PVBs) in an apparently healthy athlete raises the concern of an underlying cardiac disease that may potentially cause risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate which features of PVCs recorded on exercise testing and 24 h ECG monitoring are predictive for the presence of an underlying cardiac pathology. We enrolled 264 competitive athletes (79% males, median age 39 [20-53] years) who underwent II level examinations for evaluation of PVBs detected during pre-partecipation cardiovascular screening (PPS). We included athletes with PVBs recorded on 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring or on exercise testing and without personal history of known cardiac disease. Clinical data, symptoms, family history for sudden cardiac death or cardiomyopathies, and baseline 12-lead ECG abnormalities were recorded. VAs were evaluated in terms of burden, complexity, morphology, exercise inducibility and reproducibility. Among 264 athletes, 198 underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiac diseases were detected in 86 athletes (32%) mostly with nonischemic left ventricular scar (NILVS), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and ion channel diseases. Family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and/or cardiomyopathy was significantly related to the presence of pathologic myocardial substrate (p=0,002). Both symptoms suggestive of malignant VAs and resting ECG abnormalities were more prevalent among athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease compared with healthy athletes (p=0.08 and p=0.007 respectively). Furthermore PVBs with multiple morphologies were documented in 60 (69%) athletes with diagnosis of pathologic substrates versus 42 (37.5%) without (p <0.001). PVBs reproducibility was, also, observed in 94% of athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease versus 80 % without (p=0.009). Evaluating PVBs morphology, VAs with right-bundle-branch-block (RBBB) and intermediate/superior axis (SA-IntA) configuration were more prevalent in athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease then in those without (75.5% versus 45%; p<0.001). And, among athletes with RBBB/SA-IntA, the contemporary presence of wide, monophasic, R wave in V1 or intrinsecoid deflection (InD) > 80 ms was prevalently found in athletes with diagnosis of cardiac disease (47.7% versus 13.4 %; p<0.001). RBBB and inferior axis (IA) morphology with InD > 80 ms was detected in 13 (15%) athletes with cardiac disease diagnosis versus 6 (5%) without (p=0.021). At multivariable analysis symptoms suggestive of malignant arrhythmias (stress syncope or presyncope), PVBs polymorphic, PVBs reproducible and PVBs with RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and wide R wave in V1 were independent predictors of cardiac pathological substrate. PVBs are a common finding in competitive athletes during PPS. Therefore, identification of novel predictors that accurately stratify the risk of concealed cardiomyopathic substrates could enable a more targeted prescription of second-line investigations, optimizing the cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic work-up. In our study an underlying cardiac disease was identified in 32% of athletes. These findings highlight the need for accurate clinical evaluation and detailed characterization of PVBs features. We identified four independent predictors of disease: symptoms suggestive of malignant arrhythmias, PVBs polymorphic, PVBs reproducible and PVBs with RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and wide R wave in V1. Among these determinants, in our experience, PVBs with a RBBB/SA-IntA morphology and a wide, monophasic, R wave in V1 or IntD>80ms, are highly accurate predictors of underlying cardiac disease, in particular NILVS, which is an emerging cause of SCD in athletes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97195