Background. The classification of cardiomyopathies has progressively evolved alongside advances in the understanding of their pathobiological basis and the introduction of novel cardiovascular imaging technologies. The 2023 ESC guidelines on cardiomyopathies propose a classification framework based on the presenting phenotype and, as an innovation, describe the entity of “Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy” in contrast to phenotypes with left ventricular dilation. To improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and enable disease-specific curative therapies, it is essential to integrate both basic mechanisms and clinical features of each cardiomyopathy. In this setting, cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization plays a pivotal role. Objectives. This study aims to evaluate morpho-functional parameters and tissue characterization using CMR, as well as their potential correlations with clinical outcomes, in a cohort of patients with Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods. Patients with Dilated and Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at the University Hospital of Padua between 2013 and 2025 were retrospectively enrolled. Left ventricular dilation was defined by an indexed end-diastolic volume (EDVi) >105 ml/m² for men and >96 ml/m² for women, in accordance with the 2019 EACVI consensus document. For each CMR, morpho-functional parameters were examined, along with tissue characterization, to assess the presence of fibrosis, fatty infiltration or oedema. During follow-up, the endpoints evaluated were: all-cause mortality or heart transplantation, hospitalization for heart failure and hospitalization for documented major ventricular arrhythmias. Results. A total of 327 patients were enrolled, including 167 (51%) with Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy (NDLVC) and 160 (49%) with a dilated phenotype (DCM). In the non-dilated group, a higher median ejection fraction (p<0.001) and a lower sphericity index (p<0.001) were documented; moreover, tissue characterization revealed a higher prevalence of fibrosis (p<0.001). Among the LGE patterns, epicardial stria was more frequently observed in the non-dilated group (p<0.001), whereas junctional pattern predominated in the dilated phenotype (p=0.005). In the latter, LGE extension more commonly involved ≤2 left ventricular segments (p=0.003). During follow-up, event-free survival was significantly lower in the dilated cohort, both for individual endpoints and for the composite endpoint (p<0.001). In the non-dilated group, patients who experienced adverse events showed a significantly lower median ejection fraction (p<0.001) and a higher prevalence of junctional LGE (p=0.006). Within this cohort, three phenotypic subgroups were identified based on EF > or < 50% and the presence of LGE. The lowest event-free survival was observed in patients with EF < 50% and absence of LGE (p<0.001). The intermediate-prognosis group, characterized by EF < 50% and presence of LGE, more frequently exhibited transmural involvement (p=0.028), as well as ring-like (p=0.008) and septal ring-like (p=0.006) patterns and LGE extension >6 segments (p=0.015). Conclusions. In Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy the prevalence of Late Gadolinium Enhancement is higher compared with dilated phenotypes. The pattern, distribution, and extent of LGE hold substantial clinical significance.
Presupposti dello studio. La classificazione delle cardiomiopatie si è evoluta nel tempo in relazione ai progressi nella comprensione dei meccanismi eziopatogenetici e allo sviluppo delle tecnologie di imaging cardiovascolare. Le linee guida ESC del 2023 sulle cardiomiopatie propongono un approccio classificativo basato sul pattern fenotipico al momento della presentazione, riconoscendo, come nuova entità, la cardiomiopatia ventricolare sinistra non dilatata, distinta dalle forme dilatate. Scopo dello studio. L’obiettivo principale dello studio è stato l’analisi, mediante risonanza magnetica cardiaca, dei parametri morfo-funzionali e di caratterizzazione tissutale e la valutazione della loro correlazione con gli eventi avversi in una coorte di pazienti con cardiomiopatia ventricolare sinistra non dilatata. Materiali e metodi. Sono stati arruolati retrospettivamente pazienti con cardiomiopatia a prevalente coinvolgimento ventricolare sinistro con fenotipo non dilatato e dilatato, sottoposti a risonanza magnetica cardiaca presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova tra il 2013 e il 2025. La dilatazione ventricolare sinistra è stata definita in presenza di un volume telediastolico indicizzato (VTDi) >105 ml/m² per gli uomini e >96 ml/m² per le donne, in conformità con il consenso EACVI del 2019. Per ogni risonanza magnetica cardiaca sono stati analizzati i parametri morfo-funzionali e di caratterizzazione tissutale per la ricerca di fibrosi, infiltrazione adiposa o edema. Durante il follow-up sono stati considerati i seguenti eventi avversi: morte per tutte le cause o trapianto cardiaco, ospedalizzazione per scompenso cardiaco ed ospedalizzazione per aritmie ventricolari maggiori documentate. Risultati. Lo studio ha incluso 327 pazienti, dei quali 167 (51%) con cardiomiopatia ventricolare sinistra non dilatata e 160 (49%) con fenotipo dilatato. Nel gruppo non dilatato sono stati riscontrati una frazione di eiezione mediana superiore (p<0.001) ed un indice di sfericità inferiore (p<0.001); inoltre, alla caratterizzazione tissutale la fibrosi è risultata più frequente (p<0.001). Tra i pattern di presentazione di LGE, la stria epicardica è stata riscontrata più frequentemente nel campione non dilatato (p<0.001), mentre il pattern giunzionale era più comune nel fenotipo dilatato (p=0.005). In questo secondo gruppo, il LGE si estendeva più frequentemente in < o =2 segmenti del ventricolo sinistro (p=0.003). Durante il follow-up, la sopravvivenza libera da eventi avversi è risultata inferiore nel campione dilatato, sia considerando i singoli endpoints che per l’endpoint composito (p<0.001). Nel campione con ventricolo sinistro non dilatato, i pazienti che hanno manifestato eventi avversi presentavano una frazione di eiezione mediana significativamente inferiore (p<0.001) e più frequentemente un pattern di LGE giunzionale (p=0.006). In questa coorte sono stati identificati tre fenotipi in base alla frazione di eiezione (FE > o < 50%) e alla presenza di LGE. La sopravvivenza libera da eventi avversi più bassa si è osservata nel gruppo con FE < 50% e assenza di LGE (p<0.001). Nel gruppo a prognosi intermedia, caratterizzato da FE < 50% e fibrosi, più frequentemente sono stati riscontrati LGE transmurale (p=0.028), i pattern ring-like (p=0.008) e ring-like settale (p=0.006) ed un’estensione >6 segmenti (p=0.015). Conclusione. Nella NDLVC si riscontra una maggior prevalenza di LGE rispetto alle forme dilatate. Il pattern di presentazione, la localizzazione e l’estensione di LGE assumono una significativa rilevanza clinica.
Prevalenza e significato clinico del Late Gadolinium Enhancement nella cardiomiopatia ventricolare sinistra non dilatata: dati da un registro monocentrico.
CARRARO, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. The classification of cardiomyopathies has progressively evolved alongside advances in the understanding of their pathobiological basis and the introduction of novel cardiovascular imaging technologies. The 2023 ESC guidelines on cardiomyopathies propose a classification framework based on the presenting phenotype and, as an innovation, describe the entity of “Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy” in contrast to phenotypes with left ventricular dilation. To improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and enable disease-specific curative therapies, it is essential to integrate both basic mechanisms and clinical features of each cardiomyopathy. In this setting, cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization plays a pivotal role. Objectives. This study aims to evaluate morpho-functional parameters and tissue characterization using CMR, as well as their potential correlations with clinical outcomes, in a cohort of patients with Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods. Patients with Dilated and Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at the University Hospital of Padua between 2013 and 2025 were retrospectively enrolled. Left ventricular dilation was defined by an indexed end-diastolic volume (EDVi) >105 ml/m² for men and >96 ml/m² for women, in accordance with the 2019 EACVI consensus document. For each CMR, morpho-functional parameters were examined, along with tissue characterization, to assess the presence of fibrosis, fatty infiltration or oedema. During follow-up, the endpoints evaluated were: all-cause mortality or heart transplantation, hospitalization for heart failure and hospitalization for documented major ventricular arrhythmias. Results. A total of 327 patients were enrolled, including 167 (51%) with Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy (NDLVC) and 160 (49%) with a dilated phenotype (DCM). In the non-dilated group, a higher median ejection fraction (p<0.001) and a lower sphericity index (p<0.001) were documented; moreover, tissue characterization revealed a higher prevalence of fibrosis (p<0.001). Among the LGE patterns, epicardial stria was more frequently observed in the non-dilated group (p<0.001), whereas junctional pattern predominated in the dilated phenotype (p=0.005). In the latter, LGE extension more commonly involved ≤2 left ventricular segments (p=0.003). During follow-up, event-free survival was significantly lower in the dilated cohort, both for individual endpoints and for the composite endpoint (p<0.001). In the non-dilated group, patients who experienced adverse events showed a significantly lower median ejection fraction (p<0.001) and a higher prevalence of junctional LGE (p=0.006). Within this cohort, three phenotypic subgroups were identified based on EF > or < 50% and the presence of LGE. The lowest event-free survival was observed in patients with EF < 50% and absence of LGE (p<0.001). The intermediate-prognosis group, characterized by EF < 50% and presence of LGE, more frequently exhibited transmural involvement (p=0.028), as well as ring-like (p=0.008) and septal ring-like (p=0.006) patterns and LGE extension >6 segments (p=0.015). Conclusions. In Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy the prevalence of Late Gadolinium Enhancement is higher compared with dilated phenotypes. The pattern, distribution, and extent of LGE hold substantial clinical significance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97196