Background. Sudden cardiac death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias remains a leading cause of mortality, particularly among young patients with cardiomyopathies. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the only established preventive therapy; however, conventional devices — transvenous (TV) and subcutaneous (S-ICD) — have significant limitations that may restrict their adoption in selected patients. A novel extravascular ICD (EV-ICD), capable of delivering both defibrillation and anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), combines the benefits of existing devices and emerges as a promising alternative for patients requiring arrhythmic protection. Objective. This study aims to evaluate the performance and safety profile of the EV-ICD. Methods. We conducted an observational case series of consecutive patients who underwent EV-ICD implantation at the Cardiology Department of the University Hospital of Padua between July 2024 and October 2025. All patients underwent preoperative chest CT imaging for procedural planning. Results. The cohort consisted of seven patients (4 females; mean age 37.5 +/- 13.1 years; mean BMI 24.7 +/- 3.8 kg/m²), all implanted for primary prevention. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 48.1 +/- 15.7%. Underlying pathologies involved: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (n=4), post-myocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy (n=1), Danon syndrome hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n=1), and Brugada syndrome (n=1). In six patients EV-ICD implantation was chosen due to failed S-ICD preoperative screening; in one case, the decision was driven by cosmetic preference. Mean implantation time was 121 ± 51.1 minutes with successful retrosternal lead placement in all cases. Defibrillation testing was effective in 100% of patients. Mean intraoperative electrical parameters were: P-wave amplitude 0.07 ± 0.05 mV; R-wave sensing 3.31 ± 1.21 mV; pacing threshold 5.26 ± 1.89 V at 2.85 ± 2.26 ms; shock impedance 68.0 ± 20.6 Ω. No intraoperative complications occurred. At a mean follow-up of 7.0 ± 4.9 months, one complication (pocket infection requiring revision) was observed. Mean shock impedance at follow-up was 73.5 ± 22.8 Ω and R-wave sensing 3.1 ± 1.5 mV. No sustained ventricular arrhythmias or device interventions were recorded. Conclusions. This real-world experience supports the technical feasibility and safety of EV-ICD implantation. Our findings suggest that the EV-ICD may represent a valid alternative for young patients not eligible for S-ICD due to preoperative screening failure. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
Introduzione. La morte cardiaca improvvisa dovuta ad aritmie ventricolari maligne rimane una delle cause principali di morte, specialmente nei giovani affetti da cardiomiopatie. Il defibrillatore cardiaco impiantabile (ICD) rappresenta l’unica terapia preventiva consolidata. Tuttavia, i sistemi ICD attuali — transvenosi (TV) e sottocutanei (S-ICD) — presentano limiti significativi che ne riducono l’applicabilità in alcuni pazienti. Un nuovo ICD extravascolare (EV-ICD), che è in grado di offrire sia la defibrillazione sia la stimolazione antitachicardica (ATP), combina i vantaggi dei dispositivi esistenti, configurandosi come promettente e attrattiva alternativa nei pazienti che richiedono protezione aritmica. Scopo dello studio. L’obiettivo è valutare la performance ed il profilo di sicurezza del defibrillatore extravascolare EV-ICD. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio consiste in una serie di casi nella quale sono stati inclusi pazienti consecutivi sottoposti ad impianto di EV-ICD presso la clinica Cardiologica dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, nel periodo compreso tra luglio 2024 e ottobre 2025. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti, in fase preoperatoria, a tomografia computerizzata (TC) del torace per la pianificazione della procedura. Risultati. La popolazione di studio è composta da 7 pazienti (4 femmine; età media 37.5 +/- 13.1 anni; BMI medio pari a 24.7 +/- 3.8 kg/m2). L’indicazione all’impianto di EV-ICD era in prevenzione primaria in tutti i pazienti (n=7). La frazione di eiezione del ventricolo sinistro media era 48.1 +/- 15.7%. Le patologie sottostanti comprendevano: cardiomiopatia aritmogena (n=4), cardiomiopatia dilatativa post-miocarditica (n=1), cardiomiopatia ipertrofica da sindrome di Danon (n=1), sindrome di Brugada (n=1). In sei pazienti (85.7%) la scelta dell’EV-ICD è stata motivata dall’ineleggibilità all’impianto di S-ICD per fallimento dello screening preoperatorio; in un caso, invece, la decisione è stata guidata dalla volontà del paziente per ragioni estetiche. Il tempo di impianto dell’EV-ICD è durato in media 121.0 +/- 51.1 minuti e l’elettrocatetere è stato posizionato in sede retrosternale con successo in tutti i casi. Il test di defibrillazione è risultato efficace nel 100% dei casi. Tra i parametri registrati all’impianto, l’ampiezza dell’onda P era di 0.07 +/- 0.05 mV, il sensing dell’onda R 3.31 +/- 1.21 mV, la soglia di pacing 5.26 +/- 1.89 V per 2.85 +/- 2.26 ms e l’impedenza di shock 68.0 +/- 20.6 Ohm. Non sono state rilevate complicanze intraoperatorie. Al follow-up medio di 7.0 +/- 4.9 mesi è stata osservata una sola complicanza (infezione della tasca del dispositivo con necessità di revisione). Tra i parametri registrati al follow-up, l’impedenza di shock media è risultata 73.5 +/- 22.8 ohm e il sensing dell’onda R 3.1 +/- 1.5 mV. Non sono state rilevate aritmie ventricolari sostenute e non sono state erogate terapie. Conclusioni. Lo studio, rappresentativo della nostra esperienza clinica real-world, supporta i dati di fattibilità tecnica e sicurezza della procedura di impianto del defibrillatore. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono come l’EV-ICD possa costituire una valida opzione in pazienti giovani con cardiomiopatie non eleggibili all’impianto di S-ICD per failure dello screening preoperatorio, sebbene siano necessari studi prospettici con casistiche più voluminose per verificare questi dati.
Efficacia e sicurezza del defibrillatore extravascolare: risultati da un’esperienza monocentrica
LAMON, SILVIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. Sudden cardiac death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias remains a leading cause of mortality, particularly among young patients with cardiomyopathies. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the only established preventive therapy; however, conventional devices — transvenous (TV) and subcutaneous (S-ICD) — have significant limitations that may restrict their adoption in selected patients. A novel extravascular ICD (EV-ICD), capable of delivering both defibrillation and anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), combines the benefits of existing devices and emerges as a promising alternative for patients requiring arrhythmic protection. Objective. This study aims to evaluate the performance and safety profile of the EV-ICD. Methods. We conducted an observational case series of consecutive patients who underwent EV-ICD implantation at the Cardiology Department of the University Hospital of Padua between July 2024 and October 2025. All patients underwent preoperative chest CT imaging for procedural planning. Results. The cohort consisted of seven patients (4 females; mean age 37.5 +/- 13.1 years; mean BMI 24.7 +/- 3.8 kg/m²), all implanted for primary prevention. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 48.1 +/- 15.7%. Underlying pathologies involved: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (n=4), post-myocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy (n=1), Danon syndrome hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n=1), and Brugada syndrome (n=1). In six patients EV-ICD implantation was chosen due to failed S-ICD preoperative screening; in one case, the decision was driven by cosmetic preference. Mean implantation time was 121 ± 51.1 minutes with successful retrosternal lead placement in all cases. Defibrillation testing was effective in 100% of patients. Mean intraoperative electrical parameters were: P-wave amplitude 0.07 ± 0.05 mV; R-wave sensing 3.31 ± 1.21 mV; pacing threshold 5.26 ± 1.89 V at 2.85 ± 2.26 ms; shock impedance 68.0 ± 20.6 Ω. No intraoperative complications occurred. At a mean follow-up of 7.0 ± 4.9 months, one complication (pocket infection requiring revision) was observed. Mean shock impedance at follow-up was 73.5 ± 22.8 Ω and R-wave sensing 3.1 ± 1.5 mV. No sustained ventricular arrhythmias or device interventions were recorded. Conclusions. This real-world experience supports the technical feasibility and safety of EV-ICD implantation. Our findings suggest that the EV-ICD may represent a valid alternative for young patients not eligible for S-ICD due to preoperative screening failure. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97205