Background: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor originating from the Schwann cells of the VIII cranial nerve and is the most common neoplasm of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Currently, tumor growth is the primary factor guiding treatment decisions in small tumors (<10 mm in the CPA). This growth is unpredictable and can only be determined retrospectively, following observation with serial MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). However, any tumor growth during observation may compromise functional and surgical outcomes, in terms of hearing preservation and facial nerve effects. Therefore, the ability to predict disease progression at the time of diagnosis, without waiting for progressive tumor growth, through active observation and retrospective assessment, would allow for early selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for each patient. Aim of the study: To investigate the role of circulating inflammatory markers such as NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR and HPR as reliable predictors of VS growth, in order to more accurately select patients for early active treatment. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of patients undergoing VS resection between January 2011 and April 2025 at the Otolaryngology Unit of the Padua Hospital. Preoperative blood count values were evaluated and the corresponding ratios (NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, HPR) were calculated. MRI images were analyzed to measure tumor size and calculate linear growth. Different cut-offs were used to define the outcome “tumor growth”: growth > 0mm, growth > 2mm, growth > 2mm/year. Patients with documented pathological conditions that could influence the blood count were excluded from the study. Results: 189 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 96 males, with a median age of 56.0 years (IQR 48.1-63.1). The preoperative tumor size (in CPA) was 14.0 mm (IQR 9.0-25.0 mm), while at diagnosis it was 10.0 mm (IQR 6.0-14.9 mm). The follow-up period (between the first MRI and the last preoperative MRI) was 0.72 years (IQR 0.52-1.38). Absolute growth >0 mm was observed in 71% of patients, while absolute growth >2 mm was observed in 61%. A mean growth velocity >2 mm/year was observed in 53% of patients. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between NLR and tumor size or growth. A moderate negative correlation was demonstrated between dNLR and preoperative IAC tumor size (rs = -0.36, p = 0.029) and a weak negative correlation between PLR and preoperative CPA tumor size (rs = -0.19, p = 0.020). Linear regression showed a weak association between PLR and preoperative CPA tumor size (R2 = 0.0356, p = 0.0199). Logistic regression showed that high PLR was associated with a lower probability of CPA tumor size being >10mm (OR = 0.1023, p = 0.035). A negative correlation was demonstrated between LMR and the probability of prior RT (OR = 0.004579, p = 0.0484), but this was not significant due to the small sample size (5 patients who underwent prior RT). Logistic regression demonstrated a significant correlation between HPR and the probability of CPA tumor size being >10mm (OR = 14.26, p = 0.0379) and >15mm (OR = 12.97, p = 0.0445). The AUC value (0.59 for VS >10mm and 0.578 for VS >15mm) indicates the model's moderate ability to distinguish between tumors exceeding and below the size threshold. Conclusions: Overall, the analyses performed revealed some weak correlations between inflammatory ratios and tumor size, with low or negligible predictive values. No correlation was observed between the ratios and tumor growth. The results suggest that the role of circulating inflammatory markers as predictors of VS growth, as hypothesized by previous literature data, appears to be limited. Therefore, further prospective, multicenter studies are needed to investigate this aspect.
Background: lo Schwannoma vestibolare (VS) è un tumore benigno che origina dalle cellule di Schwann del VIII nervo cranico. Rappresenta la più frequente neoplasia dell’angolo pontocerebellare (CPA). Nel tumore piccolo (<10 mm in CPA) la crescita tumorale rappresenta il principale fattore a guidare la scelta del trattamento. Tale crescita può essere determinata solo retrospettivamente, in seguito al periodo di osservazione con Risonanze Magnetiche (RM). L’eventuale crescita tumorale può compromettere l’outcome funzionale e chirurgico. Pertanto, l’eventuale capacità di predire l’andamento della malattia già al momento della diagnosi, senza attendere la progressiva crescita tumorale attraverso l’osservazione attiva e la valutazione retrospettiva, consentirebbe di selezionare precocemente la strategia terapeutica più appropriata per ciascun paziente. Obiettivo: Investigare il ruolo dei marcatori infiammatori circolanti quali NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR e HPR come predittori affidabili di crescita del VS, al fine di selezionare più accuratamente i pazienti candidati a trattamento attivo precoce. Metodi: Analisi retrospettiva su pazienti sottoposti ad exeresi di VS tra Gennaio 2011 e Aprile 2025 presso l’UOC di Otorinolaringoiatria dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Sono stati valutati i valori dell’emocromo degli esami preoperatori e calcolati i relativi ratios (NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, HPR). Sono state analizzate le immagini RM per misurare la dimensione e calcolare la crescita lineare del tumore. Sono stati utilizzati diversi cut-off per definire l’outcome “crescita tumorale: crescita > 0mm, crescita> 2mm, crescita> 2mm/anno. Sono stati esclusi dallo studio i pazienti con condizioni patologiche documentate in grado di influenzare l’emocromo. Risultati: 189 pazienti hanno soddisfatto i criteri di inclusione; l’età mediana è 56,0 anni (IQR 48,1-63,1). La dimensione tumorale (in CPA) preoperatoria è di 14.0 mm (IQR 9.0-25.0 mm), mentre alla diagnosi è di 10.0 mm (IQR 6.0-14.9 mm). Il periodo di follow-up è risultato di 0.72 anni (IQR 0.52-1.38). Nel 71% dei pazienti è stata osservata una crescita assoluta>0mm, mentre nel 61% una crescita assoluta>2mm. Una velocità di crescita media > 2mm/anno è stata riscontrata nel 53% dei pazienti. Non è stata dimostrata alcuna correlazione statisticamente significativa tra NLR e dimensione o crescita tumorale. È stata dimostrata una moderata correlazione negativa tra dNLR e le dimensioni tumorali preoperatorie IAC (r=-0,36, p=0,029) e una debole correlazione negativa tra PLR e le dimensioni tumorali preoperatorie CPA (r=-0,19, p=0,020). La regressione lineare mostra una debole associazione tra PLR e la dimensione tumorale preoperatoria CPA. La regressione logistica mostra che elevato PLR è associato a minor probabilità che la dimensione tumorale CPA sia >10mm (OR=0,1023, p=0,035). È stata dimostrata una correlazione negativa tra LMR e la probabilità di RT precedente (OR=0,004579, p=0,0484), che però risulta poco significativa a causa delle ridotte dimensioni campionarie (5 pazienti sottoposti a RT precedente). La regressione logistica ha dimostrato una correlazione significativa tra HPR e la probabilità che la dimensione tumorale CPA sia >10mm (OR=14,26, p=0,0379) e >15mm (OR=12,97, p=0,0445). Il valore dell’AUC (0,59 per VS>10mm e 0,578 per VS>15mm) indica moderata capacità del modello di distinguere tra tumori che superano o meno la soglia dimensionale. Conclusioni: Dalle analisi effettuate emergono alcune deboli correlazioni tra i ratios infiammatori e le dimensioni tumorali, con valori predittivi bassi o trascurabili. Non è stata osservata alcuna correlazione tra i ratios e la crescita tumorale. I risultati suggeriscono che il ruolo dei marcatori infiammatori circolanti come predittori di crescita del VS sembri in realtà limitato. Sono necessari ulteriori studi prospettici multicentrici per indagare tale aspetto.
Schwannoma vestibolare: marcatori infiammatori circolanti e crescita tumorale
ORTOLANI, CATERINA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor originating from the Schwann cells of the VIII cranial nerve and is the most common neoplasm of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Currently, tumor growth is the primary factor guiding treatment decisions in small tumors (<10 mm in the CPA). This growth is unpredictable and can only be determined retrospectively, following observation with serial MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). However, any tumor growth during observation may compromise functional and surgical outcomes, in terms of hearing preservation and facial nerve effects. Therefore, the ability to predict disease progression at the time of diagnosis, without waiting for progressive tumor growth, through active observation and retrospective assessment, would allow for early selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for each patient. Aim of the study: To investigate the role of circulating inflammatory markers such as NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR and HPR as reliable predictors of VS growth, in order to more accurately select patients for early active treatment. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of patients undergoing VS resection between January 2011 and April 2025 at the Otolaryngology Unit of the Padua Hospital. Preoperative blood count values were evaluated and the corresponding ratios (NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, HPR) were calculated. MRI images were analyzed to measure tumor size and calculate linear growth. Different cut-offs were used to define the outcome “tumor growth”: growth > 0mm, growth > 2mm, growth > 2mm/year. Patients with documented pathological conditions that could influence the blood count were excluded from the study. Results: 189 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 96 males, with a median age of 56.0 years (IQR 48.1-63.1). The preoperative tumor size (in CPA) was 14.0 mm (IQR 9.0-25.0 mm), while at diagnosis it was 10.0 mm (IQR 6.0-14.9 mm). The follow-up period (between the first MRI and the last preoperative MRI) was 0.72 years (IQR 0.52-1.38). Absolute growth >0 mm was observed in 71% of patients, while absolute growth >2 mm was observed in 61%. A mean growth velocity >2 mm/year was observed in 53% of patients. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between NLR and tumor size or growth. A moderate negative correlation was demonstrated between dNLR and preoperative IAC tumor size (rs = -0.36, p = 0.029) and a weak negative correlation between PLR and preoperative CPA tumor size (rs = -0.19, p = 0.020). Linear regression showed a weak association between PLR and preoperative CPA tumor size (R2 = 0.0356, p = 0.0199). Logistic regression showed that high PLR was associated with a lower probability of CPA tumor size being >10mm (OR = 0.1023, p = 0.035). A negative correlation was demonstrated between LMR and the probability of prior RT (OR = 0.004579, p = 0.0484), but this was not significant due to the small sample size (5 patients who underwent prior RT). Logistic regression demonstrated a significant correlation between HPR and the probability of CPA tumor size being >10mm (OR = 14.26, p = 0.0379) and >15mm (OR = 12.97, p = 0.0445). The AUC value (0.59 for VS >10mm and 0.578 for VS >15mm) indicates the model's moderate ability to distinguish between tumors exceeding and below the size threshold. Conclusions: Overall, the analyses performed revealed some weak correlations between inflammatory ratios and tumor size, with low or negligible predictive values. No correlation was observed between the ratios and tumor growth. The results suggest that the role of circulating inflammatory markers as predictors of VS growth, as hypothesized by previous literature data, appears to be limited. Therefore, further prospective, multicenter studies are needed to investigate this aspect.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97673