Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor characterized by infiltrative growth, perineural invasion, and high recurrence rates. The anterior craniofacial (ACF) region represents the most frequently involved site. Although the current standard of care includes surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), complete resection is often challenging, raising questions about the role of definitive non-surgical therapy (NST). Objectives To analyze a multi-institutional cohort of patients with ACF-ACC in order to describe clinicopathologic features, survival outcomes, prognostic factors, and to assess the comparative efficacy of locoregional treatment strategies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 578 patients treated across eight international centers (1984–2023). Eligible cases included histopathologically confirmed ACC with epicenter in the sinonasal tract, nasopharynx, or palate, at any stage or clinical presentation, treated with either curative or non-curative intent. Exclusion criteria were carbon ion therapy and participation in clinical trials involving non-cytotoxic systemic agents administered in the curative setting. Collected data included clinical presentation, tumor extension, treatment modalities, and residual disease status. Survival outcomes (OS, DSS, LRFS, LRCI) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier estimates, cumulative incidence functions, propensity score matching (PSM), and multivariable Cox regression models. Results A total of 75.8% of tumors originated from the sinonasal tract, and 68.6% were low-to-intermediate grade. Curative intent was reported in 89.9% of cases. Among the 392 surgically treated patients, resections were R0 in 37.2%, R1 in 40.3%, and R2 in 16.8%. The combination of GTR + IMPT showed the best local control (LRFS and LRCI). In patients treated with definitive NST (n=110), complete response was more frequent with IMPT (74.5%) than with photon-based RT (52.1%, p=0.023). LRFS and LRCI did not significantly differ according to RT modality (photon vs IMPT) or presentation (biopsy vs R2). Over the long term, OS and DSS progressively declined: more than half of patients died within 20 years, and only 11.9% were alive and disease-free. The 10-year cumulative incidence of ≥G3 adverse events was 36.0%, with no significant differences according to RT type or clinical presentation. Conclusions The combination of GTR followed by adjuvant IMPT represents the most effective strategy for achieving local control in ACF-ACC. R2 surgery provides no prognostic advantage and should be avoided, as it delays the initiation of definitive NST. In NST responders, local control is comparable to that achieved with GTR plus adjuvant RT, suggesting potential future shifts in treatment paradigms once reliable predictors of response become available.
Background L’adenocarcinoma adenoido cistico (ACC) è un tumore raro delle ghiandole salivari, caratterizzato da crescita infiltrativa, invasione perineurale e alti tassi di recidiva. L’area craniofacciale anteriore (ACF) rappresenta la sede più frequentemente coinvolta. Nonostante lo standard attuale preveda chirurgia seguita da radioterapia adiuvante, la resezione completa è spesso difficile, sollevando interrogativi sul ruolo della terapia definitiva non chirurgica (NST). Obiettivi Analizzare una coorte multi-istituzionale di pazienti con ACF-ACC per descrivere caratteristiche clinico-patologiche, esiti di sopravvivenza, fattori prognostici e valutare l’efficacia comparativa delle strategie di trattamento locoregionali. Metodi Analisi retrospettiva su 578 pazienti trattati in otto centri internazionali (1984–2023). Sono stati inclusi casi con diagnosi istopatologica di ACC a epicentro nasosinusale, rinofaringeo o palatino, in qualsiasi stadio e presentazione clinica, trattati sia ad intento curativo che non. Sono stati esclusi casi trattati con IMPT a ioni carbonio e partecipazioni a studi clinici con terapie sistemiche non citotossiche somministrate in ambito curativo. I dati raccolti includevano presentazione clinica, estensione tumorale, modalità terapeutiche e malattia residua. Gli esiti di sopravvivenza (OS, DSS, LRFS, LRCI) sono stati analizzati mediante Kaplan-Meier, incidenza cumulativa, propensity score matching (PSM) e modelli di Cox multivariati. Risultati Il 75,8% dei tumori originava dal tratto nasosinusale; il 68,6% era di grado basso-intermedio. L’intento curativo era nel 89,9%. Tra i 392 pazienti operati, le resezioni erano R0 nel 37,2%, R1 nel 40,3%, R2 nel 16,8%.GTR + IMPT ha mostrato il miglior controllo locale (LRFS e LRCI). Nei pazienti trattati con NST (n=110), la risposta completa era più frequente con IMPT (74,5%) che con fotoni (52,1%, p=0,023). La LRFS e la LRCI non differivano significativamente né per modalità di RT (fotoni vs IMPT) né per presentazione (biopsia vs R2). A lungo termine, OS e DSS declinavano progressivamente: oltre metà dei pazienti decedeva entro 20 anni; solo l’11,9% era vivo e libero da recidiva. L’incidenza cumulativa di eventi avversi ≥G3 a 10 anni era 36,0%, senza variazioni significative in base al tipo di RT o alla presentazione clinica. Conclusioni La combinazione di GTR seguita da RT adiuvante con IMPT rappresenta la strategia più efficace nel controllo locale per l’ACF-ACC. La chirurgia R2 non offre vantaggi prognostici e dovrebbe essere evitata, poiché ritarda l’avvio del NST definitivo. Nei pazienti responder al NST, il controllo locale è paragonabile a quello della GTR + RT, suggerendo futuri cambiamenti degli attuali paradigmi terapeutici qualora diventino disponibili strumenti predittivi affidabili di risposta.
Risultati dei diversi schemi di trattamento per il carcinoma adenoido-cistico del distretto cranio-facciale anteriore: uno studio multicentrico su 578 pazienti
DERETTI, ALESSANDRA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor characterized by infiltrative growth, perineural invasion, and high recurrence rates. The anterior craniofacial (ACF) region represents the most frequently involved site. Although the current standard of care includes surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), complete resection is often challenging, raising questions about the role of definitive non-surgical therapy (NST). Objectives To analyze a multi-institutional cohort of patients with ACF-ACC in order to describe clinicopathologic features, survival outcomes, prognostic factors, and to assess the comparative efficacy of locoregional treatment strategies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 578 patients treated across eight international centers (1984–2023). Eligible cases included histopathologically confirmed ACC with epicenter in the sinonasal tract, nasopharynx, or palate, at any stage or clinical presentation, treated with either curative or non-curative intent. Exclusion criteria were carbon ion therapy and participation in clinical trials involving non-cytotoxic systemic agents administered in the curative setting. Collected data included clinical presentation, tumor extension, treatment modalities, and residual disease status. Survival outcomes (OS, DSS, LRFS, LRCI) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier estimates, cumulative incidence functions, propensity score matching (PSM), and multivariable Cox regression models. Results A total of 75.8% of tumors originated from the sinonasal tract, and 68.6% were low-to-intermediate grade. Curative intent was reported in 89.9% of cases. Among the 392 surgically treated patients, resections were R0 in 37.2%, R1 in 40.3%, and R2 in 16.8%. The combination of GTR + IMPT showed the best local control (LRFS and LRCI). In patients treated with definitive NST (n=110), complete response was more frequent with IMPT (74.5%) than with photon-based RT (52.1%, p=0.023). LRFS and LRCI did not significantly differ according to RT modality (photon vs IMPT) or presentation (biopsy vs R2). Over the long term, OS and DSS progressively declined: more than half of patients died within 20 years, and only 11.9% were alive and disease-free. The 10-year cumulative incidence of ≥G3 adverse events was 36.0%, with no significant differences according to RT type or clinical presentation. Conclusions The combination of GTR followed by adjuvant IMPT represents the most effective strategy for achieving local control in ACF-ACC. R2 surgery provides no prognostic advantage and should be avoided, as it delays the initiation of definitive NST. In NST responders, local control is comparable to that achieved with GTR plus adjuvant RT, suggesting potential future shifts in treatment paradigms once reliable predictors of response become available.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97816