Background: Over the past 20 years, capsule endoscopy (CE) has emerged as a valuable, non-invasive tool for complete visualization of the small intestine, both in routine and urgent settings. Among its multiple indications, CE represents the gold standard for the assessment of small bowel in case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be classified as either occult or overt. However, CE provides negative results in 30 -50% of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) after negative upper and lower endoscopies. This limitation is mainly due to intermittent or low-intensity bleeding, small or flat lesions, suboptimal bowel preparation, or lesions located outside the small intestine. These challenges highlight the need for better identification of risk factors for small bowel lesions, such as angiodysplasias, in order to guide patient selection and optimize diagnostic yield. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of CE in patients with obscure small bowel bleeding. A secondary objective was to identify predictive factors for angiodysplasia in the two patient groups under investigation: those with occult bleeding and those with overt bleeding. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective observational study including all CE procedures performed at the Gastroenterology Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera–University of Padua between January 2018 and September 2025 for overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic data were prospectively recorded in a dedicated database. CE findings were classified according to the presence of angiodysplasias, ulcers, erosions, red spots, polyps, and evidence of bleeding. Furthermore, the Saurin classification was employed to evaluate the bleeding risk, according to each lesion’s potential for clinically significant hemorrhage. Patients were categorized into overt bleeding (melena or hematochezia) and occult bleeding (anemia or positive fecal occult blood test) groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with angiodysplasia, ulcers, and red spots. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 18. Results: A total of 1,049 CE procedures were performed for suspected gastrointestinal bleeding, including 323 for overt and 726 for occult bleeding. The mean age of the patients was 71 ± 14 years, with a predominance over 60 years, and 54% were male, without significant differences between groups (p= 0.084). At least one comorbidity was present in 66% of the case. The overall diagnostic yield was 71% (75% for overt and 74% for occult bleeding). Angiodysplasia was the most common finding, with similar prevalence in both groups (53.2% vs. 56.0%, p = 0.398). In multivariate analysis, a hemoglobin drop of at least 2 g/dL and iron supplementation therapy were the only independent risk factors for angiodysplasia among patients undergoing CE for overt bleeding. In patients who underwent CE for anemia or occult blood, the probability of detecting angiodysplasia increased with age in multivariate analysis: 45–60 vs. <45 years OR 5.03 (95% CI: 1.37–18.46); 61–80 vs. <45 years, OR 7.22 (95% CI: 2.08–25.01); and >80 vs. <45 years, OR 10.59 (95% CI: 2.98–37.56). Conclusions: Our study confirms the high diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in patients with both overt and occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiodysplasia emerged as the most frequently detected lesion and we identified advanced age, iron supplementation therapy, and a hemoglobin drop of at least 2 g/dL from baseline as independent risk factors for detecting these lesions.
Background: La VCE si è affermata come uno strumento non invasivo per visualizzare il piccolo intestino. Tra le indicazioni per l’esecuzione di questo esame vi sono i sanguinamenti gastrointestinali oscuri, che possono essere distinti in occulti o manifesti. Tuttavia, la VCE risulta negativa nel 30–50% dei pazienti con sanguinamento gastrointestinale oscuro. Tali criticità evidenziano la necessità di identificare con maggiore precisione i fattori predittivi delle lesioni del piccolo intestino, come le angiodisplasie, al fine di ottimizzare la selezione dei pazienti e migliorare la resa diagnostica. Obiettivo: L'obiettivo dello studio è stato valutare il rendimento diagnostico della VCE in caso di sanguinamento oscuro del piccolo intestino, e secondariamente identificare i fattori predittivi per angiodisplasia nei due gruppi di pazienti in esame: quelli con sanguinamento occulto e manifesto. Materiali e metodi: Abbiamo condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico includendo tutte le procedure di VCE eseguite presso la U.O.C. di Gastroenterologia dell’Azienda Ospedaliera–Università di Padova tra il 1° gennaio 2018 e il 1 settembre 2025, con indicazione di sanguinamento gastrointestinale manifesto o occulto. I dati demografici, bioumorali ed endoscopici sono stati raccolti in un database dedicato. I reperti della VCE sono stati classificati in base alla presenza di angiodisplasie, ulcere, erosioni, red spots, polipi e segni di sanguinamento. Sono stati poi differenziati i pazienti in due gruppi. Coloro che avevano eseguito la VCE per melena o rettorragia appartenevano al primo gruppo, mentre quelli affetti da anemia o sangue occulto fecale al secondo gruppo. Sono state quindi effettuate analisi univariate e poi multivariate per valutare i fattori di rischio associati ad angiodisplasia, ulcere e red spots. Le analisi statistiche sono state eseguite con il software STATA 18. Risultati: Nel complesso sono state eseguite 1.049 VCE per sospetto sanguinamento gastrointestinale, di cui 323 in presenza di sanguinamento manifesto e 726 per sanguinamento occulto. L’età media del campione era di 71 ± 14 anni, con una netta prevalenza di pazienti di età superiore ai 60 anni. Il 54% dei soggetti era di sesso maschile, senza differenze statisticamente significative tra i due gruppi in relazione al sesso (p= 0.084). Complessivamente, il 66% dei pazienti presentava almeno una comorbidità tra quelle previste dai criteri di inclusione. Il rendimento diagnostico complessivo della VCE è risultato pari al 71%, con valori del 75% nei casi di sanguinamento manifesto e del 74% nei sanguinamenti occulti. L’angiodisplasia è risultata la lesione più frequentemente identificata, con una prevalenza simile tra i due gruppi (53.2% vs 56.0%, p = 0.398). All’analisi multivariata, la riduzione di almeno 2 g/dL dei livelli di emoglobina rispetto al valore basale e la terapia marziale sono emersi come i due unici fattori di rischio indipendenti per la presenza di angiodisplasia nei pazienti sottoposti a VCE per sanguinamento manifesto. Nei soggetti che avevano eseguito la VCE per anemia sideropenica o sangue occulto positivo, il rischio di rilevare angiodisplasie aumentava significativamente con l’età. In particolare, gli odds ratio (OR) risultavano pari a 5.03 (IC 95%: 1.37–18.46) per coloro tra i 45 e 60 anni, OR 7.22 (IC 95%: 2,08–25,01) per quelli tra i 61 e 80 anni e gli ed infine OR 10.59 (IC 95%: 2,98–37,56) per coloro con più di 80 anni. Conclusioni: Questo studio conferma l’elevata resa diagnostica della VCE nei pazienti con sanguinamento gastrointestinale. L’angiodisplasia è la lesione più frequentemente rilevata. L’età avanzata, la terapia marziale con ferro e una riduzione dell’emoglobina di almeno 2 g/dL rispetto al valore basale sono fattori di rischio indipendenti per questa lesione.
Capsule endoscopy in overt and occult obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: insights from a single-center retrospective study
CREPALDI, MARTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Over the past 20 years, capsule endoscopy (CE) has emerged as a valuable, non-invasive tool for complete visualization of the small intestine, both in routine and urgent settings. Among its multiple indications, CE represents the gold standard for the assessment of small bowel in case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be classified as either occult or overt. However, CE provides negative results in 30 -50% of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) after negative upper and lower endoscopies. This limitation is mainly due to intermittent or low-intensity bleeding, small or flat lesions, suboptimal bowel preparation, or lesions located outside the small intestine. These challenges highlight the need for better identification of risk factors for small bowel lesions, such as angiodysplasias, in order to guide patient selection and optimize diagnostic yield. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of CE in patients with obscure small bowel bleeding. A secondary objective was to identify predictive factors for angiodysplasia in the two patient groups under investigation: those with occult bleeding and those with overt bleeding. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective observational study including all CE procedures performed at the Gastroenterology Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera–University of Padua between January 2018 and September 2025 for overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic data were prospectively recorded in a dedicated database. CE findings were classified according to the presence of angiodysplasias, ulcers, erosions, red spots, polyps, and evidence of bleeding. Furthermore, the Saurin classification was employed to evaluate the bleeding risk, according to each lesion’s potential for clinically significant hemorrhage. Patients were categorized into overt bleeding (melena or hematochezia) and occult bleeding (anemia or positive fecal occult blood test) groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with angiodysplasia, ulcers, and red spots. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 18. Results: A total of 1,049 CE procedures were performed for suspected gastrointestinal bleeding, including 323 for overt and 726 for occult bleeding. The mean age of the patients was 71 ± 14 years, with a predominance over 60 years, and 54% were male, without significant differences between groups (p= 0.084). At least one comorbidity was present in 66% of the case. The overall diagnostic yield was 71% (75% for overt and 74% for occult bleeding). Angiodysplasia was the most common finding, with similar prevalence in both groups (53.2% vs. 56.0%, p = 0.398). In multivariate analysis, a hemoglobin drop of at least 2 g/dL and iron supplementation therapy were the only independent risk factors for angiodysplasia among patients undergoing CE for overt bleeding. In patients who underwent CE for anemia or occult blood, the probability of detecting angiodysplasia increased with age in multivariate analysis: 45–60 vs. <45 years OR 5.03 (95% CI: 1.37–18.46); 61–80 vs. <45 years, OR 7.22 (95% CI: 2.08–25.01); and >80 vs. <45 years, OR 10.59 (95% CI: 2.98–37.56). Conclusions: Our study confirms the high diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in patients with both overt and occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiodysplasia emerged as the most frequently detected lesion and we identified advanced age, iron supplementation therapy, and a hemoglobin drop of at least 2 g/dL from baseline as independent risk factors for detecting these lesions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97863