INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are defined as non-dependent bilateral parenchymal abnormalities identified on computed tomography (CT), including ground-glass opacities or reticular patterns, lung distortion, traction bronchiectasis, and/or honeycombing involving ≥5% of a pulmonary zone, but not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for interstitial lung disease (ILD). The division of upper, middle, and lower pulmonary zones is based on anatomical landmarks corresponding to the level of the inferior aortic arch and the right inferior pulmonary vein. A subset of patients with ILA may exhibit radiologic progression—alongside clinical and functional deterioration—over time, potentially evolving into overt ILD. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was: (1) to characterize patients with ILA in our center; (2) to assess the radiologic progression of ILAs in our center based on the initial CT imaging patterns, by distinguishing between progressor and non-progressor patients, in order to evaluate whether it is possible to anticipate clinical, functional, and radiologic outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective and prospective study was conducted by collecting clinical, functional, and radiologic data from patients diagnosed with ILA at the University Hospital of Padua between January 2018 and August 2025. Patients referred to our clinic for respiratory evaluation in the ‘Rete Italiana Screening Polmonare’ (RISP) program were considered for patient enrollment. Patients lacking a follow-up chest CT at least one year after diagnosis were excluded. Patients were categorized as non-progressors or progressors, based on an increase in the extent of pulmonary Involvement on follow-up CT scans. Radiologic pattern classification was based on the most recent guidelines published by the American Thoracic Society in 2025. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with ILA were enrolled (9 patients were enrolled from RISP program). The majority were male (73%), with a current or former history of smoking (73%), and most were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis (53%). Upon evaluating radiologic progression over time, progressors were found to have had greater environmental exposures, better preserved lung function at diagnosis, more fibrotic abnormalities on initial CT, and predominantly respiratory comorbidities compared to non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS: ILAs represent a relatively rare group of conditions, yet approximately one-third of affected individuals—despite being symptomatic—may experience radiologic progression. Accurate diagnostic evaluation through a dedicated multidisciplinary team is essential to identify patients with ILA at an early stage. The RISP program for early lung cancer screening also provides an opportunity to detect ILAs incidentally. Pulmonary function tests performed within the first year after diagnosis do not appear to predict subsequent radiologic disease progression.
INTRODUZIONE: Le anomalie interstiziali polmonari (ILA, Interstitial Lung Abnormalities) sono definite come anomalie parenchimali bilaterali non dipendenti identificate alla tomografia computerizzata (TC), che comprendono opacità a vetro smerigliato o pattern reticolari, distorsione polmonare, bronciectasie da trazione e/o honeycombing che coinvolgono ≥5% di una zona polmonare, ma che non soddisfano i criteri diagnostici per una malattia interstiziale polmonare (ILD). La suddivisione in zone polmonari superiori, medie e inferiori si basa su punti di riferimento anatomici corrispondenti al livello dell’arco aortico inferiore e della vena polmonare inferiore destra. Un sottogruppo di pazienti con ILA può mostrare una progressione radiologica — accompagnata da deterioramento clinico e funzionale — nel tempo, evolvendo potenzialmente in una ILD conclamata. OBIETTIVO: Gli obiettivi di questo studio si concretizzano in: (1) caratterizzare i pazienti con ILA nel nostro centro; (2) valutare la progressione radiologica delle ILA nel nostro centro in base ai pattern TC iniziali, distinguendo tra pazienti con e senza progressione, al fine di verificare se sia possibile prevedere gli esiti clinici, funzionali e radiologici. METODI: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo e prospettico mediante raccolta di dati clinici, funzionali e radiologici di pazienti con diagnosi di ILA presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova tra gennaio 2018 e agosto 2025. Sono stati considerati per l’arruolamento i pazienti inviati alla nostra clinica per valutazione respiratoria nell’ambito del programma “Rete Italiana Screening Polmonare” (RISP). Sono stati esclusi i pazienti privi di una TC toracica di follow-up a un anno dalla diagnosi. I pazienti sono stati classificati come non progressori o progressori sulla base dell’aumento dell’estensione del coinvolgimento polmonare alle TC di follow-up. La classificazione dei pattern radiologici è stata eseguita secondo le più recenti linee guida pubblicate dall’American Thoracic Society nel 2025. RISULTATI: Sono stati arruolati complessivamente 30 pazienti con ILA (di cui 9 provenienti dal programma RISP). La maggior parte era di sesso maschile (73%), con anamnesi di fumo attuale o pregressa (73%), e la maggioranza era asintomatica al momento della diagnosi (53%). Nel valutare la progressione radiologica nel tempo, i pazienti progressori presentavano maggiori esposizioni ambientali, una funzione polmonare meglio conservata alla diagnosi, un numero superiore di anomalie fibrotiche alla TC iniziale e comorbidità prevalentemente respiratorie rispetto ai non progressori. CONCLUSIONI: Le ILA rappresentano un gruppo relativamente raro di condizioni, ma circa un terzo dei soggetti colpiti — pur essendo asintomatici — può andare incontro a progressione radiologica. Una valutazione diagnostica accurata, attraverso un team multidisciplinare dedicato, è essenziale per identificare precocemente i pazienti con ILA. Il programma RISP per lo screening precoce del tumore polmonare rappresenta anche un’opportunità per rilevare incidentalmente le ILA. I test di funzionalità polmonare eseguiti entro il primo anno dalla diagnosi non sembrano predire la successiva progressione radiologica della malattia.
Interstitial Lung Abnormalities: looking back to see ahead. A single centre retrospective-prospective study.
L'ABBATE, GIUSI
2023/2024
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are defined as non-dependent bilateral parenchymal abnormalities identified on computed tomography (CT), including ground-glass opacities or reticular patterns, lung distortion, traction bronchiectasis, and/or honeycombing involving ≥5% of a pulmonary zone, but not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for interstitial lung disease (ILD). The division of upper, middle, and lower pulmonary zones is based on anatomical landmarks corresponding to the level of the inferior aortic arch and the right inferior pulmonary vein. A subset of patients with ILA may exhibit radiologic progression—alongside clinical and functional deterioration—over time, potentially evolving into overt ILD. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was: (1) to characterize patients with ILA in our center; (2) to assess the radiologic progression of ILAs in our center based on the initial CT imaging patterns, by distinguishing between progressor and non-progressor patients, in order to evaluate whether it is possible to anticipate clinical, functional, and radiologic outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective and prospective study was conducted by collecting clinical, functional, and radiologic data from patients diagnosed with ILA at the University Hospital of Padua between January 2018 and August 2025. Patients referred to our clinic for respiratory evaluation in the ‘Rete Italiana Screening Polmonare’ (RISP) program were considered for patient enrollment. Patients lacking a follow-up chest CT at least one year after diagnosis were excluded. Patients were categorized as non-progressors or progressors, based on an increase in the extent of pulmonary Involvement on follow-up CT scans. Radiologic pattern classification was based on the most recent guidelines published by the American Thoracic Society in 2025. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with ILA were enrolled (9 patients were enrolled from RISP program). The majority were male (73%), with a current or former history of smoking (73%), and most were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis (53%). Upon evaluating radiologic progression over time, progressors were found to have had greater environmental exposures, better preserved lung function at diagnosis, more fibrotic abnormalities on initial CT, and predominantly respiratory comorbidities compared to non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS: ILAs represent a relatively rare group of conditions, yet approximately one-third of affected individuals—despite being symptomatic—may experience radiologic progression. Accurate diagnostic evaluation through a dedicated multidisciplinary team is essential to identify patients with ILA at an early stage. The RISP program for early lung cancer screening also provides an opportunity to detect ILAs incidentally. Pulmonary function tests performed within the first year after diagnosis do not appear to predict subsequent radiologic disease progression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97874