Background. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Eosinophils are not a uniform population: two main subtypes have been described—resident eosinophils (rEOS) and inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS)—which appear to play distinct pathophysiological roles, contributing respectively to tissue homeostasis and to the amplification of inflammatory responses. Objectives. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate blood levels of resident (rEOS) and inflammatory (iEOS) eosinophils in asthmatic patients, compared both with a cohort of healthy controls and among asthma subgroups. Secondary aims included the assessment of correlations between eosinophil subtypes and major type 2 inflammation biomarkers (FeNO and serum IgE), as well as the evaluation of associations with clinical and functional characteristics of asthma, such as disease severity, exacerbation rate, airflow limitation, and small airway dysfunction. Materials and Methods. A cohort of asthmatic patients (n = 68) was recruited at the specialized asthma clinics of the Respiratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padua, together with a group of healthy controls (HC, n = 16). Patients were categorized as early-onset asthma (EOA, onset < 12 years, n = 19) or late-onset asthma (LOA, onset > 18 years, n = 33), and further sub-classified by disease severity into early-onset non-severe (ENS, n = 14), late-onset non-severe (LNS, n = 15), and severe asthma (S, n = 23), or by allergic profile into early-onset allergic (EA, n = 11), early-onset non-allergic (ENA, n = 8), and late-onset non-allergic asthma (LNA, n = 32). All subjects underwent a complete clinical and functional assessment (ACT, FeNO, spirometry, DLCO, and, in a subset, oscillometry), and blood samples were collected to measure eosinophil counts and total and specific IgE. Flow cytometry was used to differentiate and quantify eosinophil subtypes—iEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁻CD62L^low) and rEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁺CD62L^high)—and to assess IL5R and CCR3 expression on eosinophils. Results. Asthmatic patients showed a higher percentage of iEOS compared with healthy controls, both in early-onset asthma (EOA) (4.99 vs 3.07; p = 0.032) and in late-onset asthma (LOA) (5.81 vs 3.07; p = 0.032), with no significant difference between EOA and LOA (4.99 vs 5.81; p = 0.840). Similar results were observed when data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). CCR3 (MFI) expression on iEOS was significantly higher in EOA patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.009) and LOA subjects (p = 0.022). IL5Rα expression on eosinophils was greater in severe asthma (LNS vs S: 1176.7 vs 1518.1; p = 0.010; ENS vs S: 1380.9 vs 1518.1; p = 0.029) and, to a lesser extent, in ENS compared with LNS (1380.9 vs 1176.7; p = 0.029). Correlation analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between iEOS and FEV₁/FVC (r = −0.273; p = 0.030). In the subgroup with oscillometric data, iEOS showed negative correlations with several parameters, particularly R5–19 insp (r = −0.575; p = 0.0079) and X exp m (r = −0.602; p = 0.0049). No correlations were found with type 2 inflammation biomarkers (total IgE and FeNO), asthma control (ACT), exacerbations, OCS cycles, or disease severity according to GINA. Conclusions. The expansion of inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS) emerged as a common immunological signature across phenotypes, independent of disease onset or atopy. Functional correlations suggest that circulating iEOS reflect an active yet potentially reversible inflammatory state, prompting reflection on their contribution to airway remodeling and small airway dysfunction. Moreover, the positive association between CCR3 expression and lung function parameters suggests a potential modulatory role of this receptor in eosinophil–airway interactions.
Introduzione. L’asma è una malattia infiammatoria cronica. Gli eosinofili non rappresentano una popolazione omogenea: sono stati descritti due principali sottotipi—gli eosinofili residenti (rEOS) e quelli infiammatori (iEOS)—che sembrano avere ruoli fisiopatologici distinti, contribuendo rispettivamente al mantenimento dell’omeostasi tissutale e all’amplificazione della risposta infiammatoria. Obiettivi. Gli obiettivi principali di questo studio erano valutare i livelli ematici di eosinofili residenti (rEOS) e infiammatori (iEOS) nei pazienti asmatici, confrontati sia con un gruppo di controlli sani sia tra sottogruppi di asmatici. Obiettivi secondari includevano le correlazioni con i principali biomarcatori di infiammazione di tipo 2 (FeNO e IgE sieriche), oltre alle associazioni con caratteristiche cliniche e funzionali dell’asma, come gravità di malattia, numero di riacutizzazioni, ostruzione bronchiale e disfunzione delle piccole vie aeree. Materiali e Metodi. Una coorte di pazienti asmatici (n=68) è stata reclutata presso gli ambulatori specialistici dell’Unità di Pneumologia dell’Azienda Ospedaliera–Università di Padova (AOPD), insieme a un gruppo di controlli sani (HC, n=16). I pazienti sono stati classificati per età di esordio in asma precoce (EOA, <12 anni, n=19) o tardivo (LOA, >18 anni, n=33), e ulteriormente suddivisi per gravità in early-onset non-severe (ENS, n=14), late-onset non-severe (LNS, n=15) e asma grave (S, n=23), oppure per profilo allergico in early-onset allergic (EA, n = 11), early-onset non-allergic (ENA, n=8) e late-onset non-allergic (LNA, n=32). Tutti i soggetti hanno eseguito una valutazione clinico-funzionale completa (ACT, FeNO, spirometria, DLCO e, in un sottogruppo, oscillometria) e prelievi ematici per la conta eosinofilica e la determinazione delle IgE totali e specifiche. La citofluorimetria è stata impiegata per distinguere e quantificare i sottotipi eosinofilici—iEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁻CD62L^low) e rEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁺CD62L^high)—e per valutare l’espressione dei recettori IL5R e CCR3. Risultati. I pazienti asmatici mostravano una percentuale di iEOS più elevata rispetto ai controlli sani, sia nell’asma precoce (EOA) (4.99 vs 3.07; p=0.032) che in quello tardivo (LOA) (5.81 vs 3.07; p=0.032), senza differenze significative tra EOA e LOA (4.99 vs 5.81; p=0.840). Risultati analoghi sono stati osservati esprimendo i dati come intensità media di fluorescenza (MFI). L’espressione di CCR3 (MFI) sugli iEOS era significativamente più alta nei pazienti con EOA rispetto ai controlli sani (p = 0.009) e ai soggetti con LOA (p=0.022). L’espressione di IL5Rα sugli eosinofili risultava maggiore nei pazienti con asma grave (LNS vs S: 1176.7 vs 1518.1; p=0.010; ENS vs S: 1380.9 vs 1518.1; p=0.029) e, in misura minore, negli ENS rispetto ai LNS (1380.9 vs 1176.7; p=0.029). Le analisi di correlazione hanno evidenziato una relazione negativa significativa tra iEOS e FEV₁/FVC (r=−0.273; p=0.030). Nel sottogruppo con dati oscillometrici, iEOS correlavano negativamente con diversi parametri, in particolare R5–19 insp (r=−0.575; p=0.0079) e X exp m (r=−0.602; p=0.0049). Non sono emerse correlazioni con biomarcatori di infiammazione di tipo 2 (IgE totali e FeNO), controllo dell’asma (ACT), riacutizzazioni, OCS o gravità secondo GINA. Conclusioni. L’espansione degli eosinofili infiammatori (iEOS) è emersa come una firma immunologica comune ai diversi fenotipi, indipendente dall’età di esordio o dall’atopia. Le correlazioni funzionali suggeriscono che gli iEOS circolanti rappresentino uno stato infiammatorio attivo ma potenzialmente reversibile, suggerendo un possibile contributo al rimodellamento bronchiale e alla disfunzione delle piccole vie aeree. Inoltre, l’associazione positiva tra l’espressione di CCR3 e i parametri di funzionalità respiratoria indica un ruolo modulatore di tale recettore nelle nterazioni eosinofilo–vie aeree.
Eosinophils Subtypes As Potential Biomarkers In Asthma Phenotyping
PREVITERO, DANIELE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Eosinophils are not a uniform population: two main subtypes have been described—resident eosinophils (rEOS) and inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS)—which appear to play distinct pathophysiological roles, contributing respectively to tissue homeostasis and to the amplification of inflammatory responses. Objectives. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate blood levels of resident (rEOS) and inflammatory (iEOS) eosinophils in asthmatic patients, compared both with a cohort of healthy controls and among asthma subgroups. Secondary aims included the assessment of correlations between eosinophil subtypes and major type 2 inflammation biomarkers (FeNO and serum IgE), as well as the evaluation of associations with clinical and functional characteristics of asthma, such as disease severity, exacerbation rate, airflow limitation, and small airway dysfunction. Materials and Methods. A cohort of asthmatic patients (n = 68) was recruited at the specialized asthma clinics of the Respiratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padua, together with a group of healthy controls (HC, n = 16). Patients were categorized as early-onset asthma (EOA, onset < 12 years, n = 19) or late-onset asthma (LOA, onset > 18 years, n = 33), and further sub-classified by disease severity into early-onset non-severe (ENS, n = 14), late-onset non-severe (LNS, n = 15), and severe asthma (S, n = 23), or by allergic profile into early-onset allergic (EA, n = 11), early-onset non-allergic (ENA, n = 8), and late-onset non-allergic asthma (LNA, n = 32). All subjects underwent a complete clinical and functional assessment (ACT, FeNO, spirometry, DLCO, and, in a subset, oscillometry), and blood samples were collected to measure eosinophil counts and total and specific IgE. Flow cytometry was used to differentiate and quantify eosinophil subtypes—iEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁻CD62L^low) and rEOS (Siglec8⁺CD16⁺CD62L^high)—and to assess IL5R and CCR3 expression on eosinophils. Results. Asthmatic patients showed a higher percentage of iEOS compared with healthy controls, both in early-onset asthma (EOA) (4.99 vs 3.07; p = 0.032) and in late-onset asthma (LOA) (5.81 vs 3.07; p = 0.032), with no significant difference between EOA and LOA (4.99 vs 5.81; p = 0.840). Similar results were observed when data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). CCR3 (MFI) expression on iEOS was significantly higher in EOA patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.009) and LOA subjects (p = 0.022). IL5Rα expression on eosinophils was greater in severe asthma (LNS vs S: 1176.7 vs 1518.1; p = 0.010; ENS vs S: 1380.9 vs 1518.1; p = 0.029) and, to a lesser extent, in ENS compared with LNS (1380.9 vs 1176.7; p = 0.029). Correlation analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between iEOS and FEV₁/FVC (r = −0.273; p = 0.030). In the subgroup with oscillometric data, iEOS showed negative correlations with several parameters, particularly R5–19 insp (r = −0.575; p = 0.0079) and X exp m (r = −0.602; p = 0.0049). No correlations were found with type 2 inflammation biomarkers (total IgE and FeNO), asthma control (ACT), exacerbations, OCS cycles, or disease severity according to GINA. Conclusions. The expansion of inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS) emerged as a common immunological signature across phenotypes, independent of disease onset or atopy. Functional correlations suggest that circulating iEOS reflect an active yet potentially reversible inflammatory state, prompting reflection on their contribution to airway remodeling and small airway dysfunction. Moreover, the positive association between CCR3 expression and lung function parameters suggests a potential modulatory role of this receptor in eosinophil–airway interactions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97890