Introduction: Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi with respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough and exacerbations. In the past, it was mainly evaluated based on disease severity, but in recent years increasing importance has been given within the scientific community to assessing the presence or absence of disease activity. This concept should be further explored, as recognizing the presence of active disease could prevent disease progression and consequent structural damage through appropriate therapeutic management. Spirometry shows limited sensitivity in detecting small airway abnormalities and correlates more with disease severity than with activity. In this context, Impulse Oscillometry has demonstrated in other obstructive diseases the ability to detect early increases in peripheral resistance and reductions in reactance. In bronchiectasis, however, the available evidence has focused almost exclusively on the correlation between oscillometric parameters and clinical-radiological severity, while their possible use as indicators of disease activity remains poorly explored. Objectives: To evaluate whether oscillometry may represent a non-invasive tool useful for identifying an active disease state in bronchiectasis by analyzing the association between the main oscillometric parameters and clinical indicators of activity, even in the presence of normal spirometry, and by assessing the potential role of oscillometry in integrating severity indices and characterizing more inflammatory and symptomatic phenotypes. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on adult patients with bronchiectasis followed at a dedicated specialist outpatient clinic. For each subject, clinical, radiological, and instrumental data were collected, including blood tests for the assessment of systemic inflammation. All patients underwent oscillometry (FOT) and pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests and Spearman correlations, comparing oscillometric and spirometric parameters in relation to clinical signs of activity (≥2 exacerbations/year, purulent sputum, systemic symptoms) to evaluate their discriminative capacity. Results: Forty-three patients were enrolled (mean age 64.5 years, 62.8% women), of whom 27.9% had ≥2 exacerbations in the last year and 60.5% reported daily expectoration. In patients with ≥2 exacerbations, a reduced post-bronchodilator variability of R5tot%, R5tot, and AXtot was observed compared with non-exacerbators, indicating lower mechanical reversibility in forms with greater activity, alterations not detected by spirometry. A similar pattern of reduced variability (R5tot%, X5tot%, Frestot%) was found in patients with respiratory symptoms and daily expectoration, as well as in those with CT findings of active disease (mucus plug, tree-in-bud). Oscillometric parameters were also associated with severity indices (BSI, mMRC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, with increased R5, AX, and Fres and more negative X5 values in more severe forms. A systemic inflammatory condition was correlated with lower X5tot% variability. Conclusions: Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease in which early recognition of disease activity allows a more timely therapeutic approach. In this study, oscillometry with bronchodilator testing showed, in patients with active disease, a reduced post-bronchodilator variability of R5tot% and X5tot%, not detected by spirometry, which could represent an early indicator of small airway dysfunction and a useful tool for integrated monitoring with clinical, radiological, and laboratory data.
Introduzione: Le bronchiectasie sono una patologia eterogenea caratterizzata da una dilatazione permanente dei bronchi con sintomi respiratori quali tosse cronica e riacutizzazioni. In passato venivano principalmente valutate in base alla severità della patologia ma attualmente nella comunità scientifica ha assunto sempre più importanza valutare la presenza o meno di attività di malattia. Questo concetto deve essere approfondito poiché riconoscere la presenza di malattia attiva potrebbe prevenire la progressione e il conseguente danno strutturale. La spirometria mostra una sensibilità limitata nel rilevare le alterazioni delle piccole vie aeree e correla più con la gravità che con l’attività di malattia. In questo contesto l’Oscillometria ad Impulsi ha mostrato in altre patologie ostruttive la capacità di intercettare precocemente aumenti di resistenza periferica e riduzioni di reattanza. Nelle bronchiectasie le evidenze disponibili si sono concentrate quasi esclusivamente sulla correlazione tra parametri oscillometrici e severità clinico-radiologica, mentre rimane poco esplorato il loro possibile impiego come indicatori di attività di malattia.Obiettivi: Valutare se l’oscillometria possa rappresentare uno strumento non invasivo utile a identificare uno stato di malattia attiva nelle bronchiectasie, analizzando l’associazione tra i principali parametri oscillometrici e gli indicatori clinici di attività, anche in presenza di spirometria normale, e verificando il potenziale ruolo dell’oscillometria nell’integrazione degli indici di severità e nella caratterizzazione dei fenotipi più infiammatori e sintomatici.Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale prospettico su pazienti adulti con bronchiectasie seguiti presso ambulatorio specialistico dedicato.Per ciascun soggetto sono stati raccolti dati clinici, radiologici e strumentali, inclusi esami ematochimici per la valutazione dell’infiammazione sistemica. Tutti i pazienti hanno eseguito oscillometria (FOT) e spirometria pre- e post-broncodilatatore.L’analisi statistica è stata condotta mediante test non parametrici e correlazioni di Spearman, confrontando i parametri oscillometrici e spirometrici in relazione ai segni clinici di attività (≥2 riacutizzazioni/anno, espettorato purulento, sintomi sistemici) per valutarne la capacità discriminante. Risultati: Sono stati arruolati 43 pazienti (età media 64,5 anni, 62,8% donne), di cui il 27,9% aveva ≥2 riacutizzazioni nell’ultimo anno e il 60,5% riferiva espettorazione quotidiana. Nei pazienti con ≥2 riacutizzazioni è stata riscontrata una ridotta variabilità post-broncodilatatore di R5tot%, R5tot e AXtot rispetto ai non riesacerbatori, a indicare una minore reversibilità meccanica nelle forme a maggiore attività, alterazioni non presenti alla spirometria. Un analogo pattern di variabilità ridotta (R5tot%, X5tot%, Frestot%) è stato osservato nei pazienti con sintomi respiratori e con espettorazione quotidiana, nonché in quelli con reperti TC di malattia attiva (mucus plug, tree-in-bud). I parametri oscillometrici risultavano inoltre associati agli indici di severità (BSI, mMRC) e alla colonizzazione da Pseudomonas aeruginosa, con aumento di R5, AX e Fres e X5 più negativo nelle forme più gravi. Una condizione infiammatoria sierica si correlava a una minore variabilità di X5tot%. Conclusioni: Le bronchiectasie rappresentano una patologia infiammatoria cronica eterogenea, il cui riconoscimento precoce dello stato di attività consente un approccio terapeutico più tempestivo. In questo studio, l’oscillometria con test di broncodilatazione ha evidenziato, nei pazienti con malattia attiva, una ridotta variabilità post-broncodilatatore di R5tot% e X5tot%, non rilevata alla spirometria, che potrebbe rappresentare un indicatore precoce di disfunzione delle piccole vie aeree e uno strumento utile per il monitoraggio integrato con dati clinici, radiologici e laboratoristici.
L'uso dell'oscillometria ad impulsi nella valutazione dell’attività di malattia nelle bronchiectasie
SANTELLO, VIRGINIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi with respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough and exacerbations. In the past, it was mainly evaluated based on disease severity, but in recent years increasing importance has been given within the scientific community to assessing the presence or absence of disease activity. This concept should be further explored, as recognizing the presence of active disease could prevent disease progression and consequent structural damage through appropriate therapeutic management. Spirometry shows limited sensitivity in detecting small airway abnormalities and correlates more with disease severity than with activity. In this context, Impulse Oscillometry has demonstrated in other obstructive diseases the ability to detect early increases in peripheral resistance and reductions in reactance. In bronchiectasis, however, the available evidence has focused almost exclusively on the correlation between oscillometric parameters and clinical-radiological severity, while their possible use as indicators of disease activity remains poorly explored. Objectives: To evaluate whether oscillometry may represent a non-invasive tool useful for identifying an active disease state in bronchiectasis by analyzing the association between the main oscillometric parameters and clinical indicators of activity, even in the presence of normal spirometry, and by assessing the potential role of oscillometry in integrating severity indices and characterizing more inflammatory and symptomatic phenotypes. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on adult patients with bronchiectasis followed at a dedicated specialist outpatient clinic. For each subject, clinical, radiological, and instrumental data were collected, including blood tests for the assessment of systemic inflammation. All patients underwent oscillometry (FOT) and pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests and Spearman correlations, comparing oscillometric and spirometric parameters in relation to clinical signs of activity (≥2 exacerbations/year, purulent sputum, systemic symptoms) to evaluate their discriminative capacity. Results: Forty-three patients were enrolled (mean age 64.5 years, 62.8% women), of whom 27.9% had ≥2 exacerbations in the last year and 60.5% reported daily expectoration. In patients with ≥2 exacerbations, a reduced post-bronchodilator variability of R5tot%, R5tot, and AXtot was observed compared with non-exacerbators, indicating lower mechanical reversibility in forms with greater activity, alterations not detected by spirometry. A similar pattern of reduced variability (R5tot%, X5tot%, Frestot%) was found in patients with respiratory symptoms and daily expectoration, as well as in those with CT findings of active disease (mucus plug, tree-in-bud). Oscillometric parameters were also associated with severity indices (BSI, mMRC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, with increased R5, AX, and Fres and more negative X5 values in more severe forms. A systemic inflammatory condition was correlated with lower X5tot% variability. Conclusions: Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease in which early recognition of disease activity allows a more timely therapeutic approach. In this study, oscillometry with bronchodilator testing showed, in patients with active disease, a reduced post-bronchodilator variability of R5tot% and X5tot%, not detected by spirometry, which could represent an early indicator of small airway dysfunction and a useful tool for integrated monitoring with clinical, radiological, and laboratory data.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97891