Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, neurodegenerative neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, leading to deficiency of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and consequent degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness. Until a few years ago, SMA represented the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Since 2017, the approval in Italy of disease-modifying therapies, together with the introduction of newborn screening - which enables early identification of asymptomatic individuals and prompt initiation of treatment - has profoundly revolutionized the natural history of SMA. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, care pathway, and short- and mid-term outcomes of a cohort of children with SMA diagnosed through newborn screening and followed at the Pediatric Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua, the regional reference center for SMA. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational case-series study including patients diagnosed with SMA through newborn screening and followed at the Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Padua, between January 2024 and October 2025. For each patient, demographic, genetic, clinical, and instrumental data were collected, including information on multidisciplinary follow-up, treatments received, and functional and growth outcomes. Results: During the study period, six newborns tested positive for SMA on newborn screening; SMN1 deletion was confirmed in all cases, along with SMN2 copy number determination (five patients with two copies, one with four copies). The median age at diagnosis was 9.5 days (IQR 9–10), with a median interval of 1.5 days (IQR 1–2) between positive screening notification and genetic confirmation. At diagnosis, three patients were presymptomatic and three mildly symptomatic. All patients initiated disease-modifying therapy between 14 and 24 days of life (1/6 nusinersen, 3/6 onasemnogene abeparvovec, 2/6 risdiplam). Adverse events were mild, transient, and not clinically relevant. All children are alive, without the need for ventilatory support or alternative enteral feeding, showing harmonious growth and no clinically significant bulbar dysfunction. Motor milestone analysis revealed regular and progressive acquisition of developmental skills. At the end of the observation period, functional classification was as follows: 1/6 walker, 4/6 sitters, and 1/6 non-sitter (the latter aged 3 months). Conclusions: Nearly all patients showed regular and progressive acquisition of major motor milestones, with functional outcomes markedly superior to the natural history of SMA and comparable to those reported in international presymptomatic treatment cohorts. Despite the small sample size and relatively short follow-up, the results confirm that newborn screening combined with early initiation of disease-modifying therapies has profoundly transformed the prognosis and quality of life of affected children and their families, allowing even the most severe cases to achieve previously unimaginable motor and respiratory milestones. Furthermore, the organizational model adopted at our reference center proved effective and potentially replicable, ensuring rapid diagnosis, early treatment initiation, and integrated multidisciplinary management fully aligned with current Standards of Care and the latest international recommendations.
Background: L’atrofia muscolare spinale (SMA) è una malattia neuromuscolare rara e neurodegenerativa causata da mutazioni del gene SMN1, che determinano una carenza della proteina SMN e la conseguente degenerazione dei motoneuroni con progressiva debolezza muscolare. Fino a pochi anni fa la SMA rappresentava la prima causa genetica di mortalità infantile. L’approvazione, anche in Italia, a partire dal 2017, di terapie specifiche in grado di modificare l’evoluzione della malattia, unitamente all’introduzione dello screening neonatale, che consente di identificare precocemente soggetti asintomatici e di avviare tempestivamente il trattamento, ha profondamente rivoluzionato la storia naturale della SMA. Obiettivo dello studio: descrivere le caratteristiche cliniche, il percorso assistenziale e gli esiti a breve e medio termine di una coorte di bambini con SMA diagnosticata tramite screening neonatale, seguiti presso la Clinica Pediatrica - Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova, centro di riferimento regionale per la SMA. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale retrospettivo, case-series di pazienti con diagnosi di SMA identificati tramite screening neonatale e seguiti nella Clinica Pediatrica dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova nel periodo compreso tra gennaio 2024 e ottobre 2025. Per ogni paziente sono stati raccolti: dati demografici, genetici, clinici e strumentali, relativi al follow-up multidisciplinare, ai trattamenti ricevuti e agli outcomes funzionali e di crescita. Risultati: Nel periodo di studio sono stati identificati 6 neonati positivi allo screening per SMA; in tutti è stata confermata la delezione di SMN1 con caratterizzazione del numero di copie di SMN2 (5 pazienti con 2 copie, 1 con 4 copie). La mediana dell’età alla diagnosi era pari a 9,5 giorni di vita (IQR 9–10), con un intervallo mediano di 1,5 giorni (IQR 1–2) tra comunicazione di positività e conferma genetica. Alla diagnosi, 3 pazienti erano presintomatici e 3 paucisintomatici. Tra 14 e 24 giorni di vita tutti hanno avviato una terapia modificante la malattia (1/6 nusinersen, 3/6 onasemnogene abeparvovec, 2/6 risdiplam). Gli eventi avversi, lievi e transitori, non sono stati clinicamente rilevanti. Tutti i bambini sono vivi, senza necessità di supporto ventilatorio o nutrizione enterale alternativa, con crescita armonica e assenza di disfunzione bulbare clinicamente rilevante. L’analisi delle tappe di sviluppo motorio ha evidenziato un’acquisizione regolare e progressiva delle principali milestones. Al termine del periodo di osservazione la classificazione funzionale risultava la seguente: 1/6 walker, 4/6 sitters e 1/6 non-sitter (paziente di 3 mesi di vita). Conclusioni: E' stata documentata un’acquisizione regolare e progressiva delle principali tappe motorie nella quasi totalità dei pazienti, con un andamento funzionale nettamente superiore rispetto alla storia naturale della SMA e sovrapponibile a quello riportato nelle coorti internazionali di pazienti trattati in fase presintomatica. Nonostante le dimensioni limitate del campione e il follow-up ancora breve, i risultati confermano come l’introduzione dello screening neonatale, associata all’avvio tempestivo delle terapie modificanti la malattia, abbia profondamente trasformato la prognosi e la qualità di vita dei bambini e delle loro famiglie, permettendo anche ai casi più gravi di raggiungere traguardi motori e respiratori in precedenza inimmaginabili. È emerso inoltre che il modello organizzativo adottato presso il nostro centro di riferimento risulta efficace e potenzialmente replicabile, poiché assicura una diagnosi rapida, un inizio precoce del trattamento e una presa in carico multidisciplinare integrata, pienamente in linea con gli Standard of Care e le più recenti raccomandazioni.
Lo screening neonatale nell’Atrofia Muscolare Spinale: variabilità fenotipica, potenzialità e limiti nell’esperienza assistenziale della Regione Veneto.
FAVARETTO, SILVIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, neurodegenerative neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, leading to deficiency of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and consequent degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness. Until a few years ago, SMA represented the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Since 2017, the approval in Italy of disease-modifying therapies, together with the introduction of newborn screening - which enables early identification of asymptomatic individuals and prompt initiation of treatment - has profoundly revolutionized the natural history of SMA. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, care pathway, and short- and mid-term outcomes of a cohort of children with SMA diagnosed through newborn screening and followed at the Pediatric Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua, the regional reference center for SMA. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational case-series study including patients diagnosed with SMA through newborn screening and followed at the Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Padua, between January 2024 and October 2025. For each patient, demographic, genetic, clinical, and instrumental data were collected, including information on multidisciplinary follow-up, treatments received, and functional and growth outcomes. Results: During the study period, six newborns tested positive for SMA on newborn screening; SMN1 deletion was confirmed in all cases, along with SMN2 copy number determination (five patients with two copies, one with four copies). The median age at diagnosis was 9.5 days (IQR 9–10), with a median interval of 1.5 days (IQR 1–2) between positive screening notification and genetic confirmation. At diagnosis, three patients were presymptomatic and three mildly symptomatic. All patients initiated disease-modifying therapy between 14 and 24 days of life (1/6 nusinersen, 3/6 onasemnogene abeparvovec, 2/6 risdiplam). Adverse events were mild, transient, and not clinically relevant. All children are alive, without the need for ventilatory support or alternative enteral feeding, showing harmonious growth and no clinically significant bulbar dysfunction. Motor milestone analysis revealed regular and progressive acquisition of developmental skills. At the end of the observation period, functional classification was as follows: 1/6 walker, 4/6 sitters, and 1/6 non-sitter (the latter aged 3 months). Conclusions: Nearly all patients showed regular and progressive acquisition of major motor milestones, with functional outcomes markedly superior to the natural history of SMA and comparable to those reported in international presymptomatic treatment cohorts. Despite the small sample size and relatively short follow-up, the results confirm that newborn screening combined with early initiation of disease-modifying therapies has profoundly transformed the prognosis and quality of life of affected children and their families, allowing even the most severe cases to achieve previously unimaginable motor and respiratory milestones. Furthermore, the organizational model adopted at our reference center proved effective and potentially replicable, ensuring rapid diagnosis, early treatment initiation, and integrated multidisciplinary management fully aligned with current Standards of Care and the latest international recommendations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97971