Objectives The diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis at autopsy has recently been formalized by the new criteria from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (SCVP) and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP), informally known as the “Seaport criteria.” for both biopsy and non-biopsy specimens. These criteria define lymphocytic myocarditis as myocardial inflammation predominantly composed of lymphocytes, associated with myocyte injury not attributable to other causes. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and diagnostic performance of the Seaport criteria in a heterogeneous cohort of clinical autopsies. Materials and Methods A total of 50 autopsy cases were analyzed: 10 originally diagnosed as myocarditis and 40 controls (ischemic heart disease, liver disease, brain disease, metastatic neoplasms). Each case was re-evaluated and reclassified according to the Seaport categories: myocarditis (focal, multifocal, or diffuse), lymphocytic infiltrate of uncertain significance (LIUS), or no inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was performed in myocarditis/LIUS cases (core panel: CD3, CD68, C4d), and molecular testing for cardiotropic viruses (PCR) was carried out in selected myocarditis cases. Results According to the Seaport criteria, the diagnosis of active lymphocytic myocarditis was confirmed in 9/10 cases (33% focal, 67% multifocal; no diffuse cases). A subepicardial confluent topography was observed in four myocarditis cases. One case previously classified as myocarditis was reclassified as LIUS. Among control cases, LIUS was identified in four subjects, aligning with an overall LIUS prevalence of 8% (4/50). Temporal assessment revealed a predominance of subacute forms (55.6%) over acute ones (44.4%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the lymphocytic nature of inflammation, and viral genome search was positive in 3/9 myocarditis cases, with low viral load and non-causal significance. Conclusions The application of the Seaport criteria to autopsy specimens confirmed the original diagnosis in the vast majority of cases and identified limited additional LIUS findings. The criteria proved feasible but highlighted interpretive challenges, particularly in distinguishing active myocarditis from LIUS and in defining the topography within multifocal patterns. Refinement of these criteria may improve reproducibility and enhance the characterization of inflammatory subtypes and their distribution in autopsy settings.
Obiettivi La diagnosi di miocardite linfocitaria è stata recentemente formalizzata dai nuovi criteri della Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (SCVP) e dell'Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP), informalmente noti come "criteri Seaport" sia per campioni bioptici che per campioni non bioptici. Questi criteri definiscono la miocardite linfocitaria come un'infiammazione miocardica prevalentemente composta da linfociti, associata a danno miocitario non attribuibile ad altre cause. Questo studio mirava a valutare la fattibilità e l'efficacia diagnostica dei criteri Seaport in una coorte eterogenea di autopsie cliniche. Materiali e metodi Sono stati analizzati 50 casi autoptici: 10 originariamente diagnosticati come miocardite e 40 controlli (cardiopatia ischemica, epatopatia, patologia cerebrale, neoplasie metastatiche). Ogni caso è stato rivalutato e riclassificato secondo le categorie Seaport: miocardite (focale, multifocale o diffusa), infiltrato linfocitario di significato incerto (LIUS - lymphocytic infiltrate of uncertain significance) o assenza di infiammazione. L'immunoistochimica è stata eseguita nei casi di miocardite/LIUS (pannello centrale: CD3, CD68, C4d) e il test molecolare per i virus cardiotropici (PCR - Polymerase chain reaction) è stato eseguito nei casi diagnosticati come miocardite. Risultati Secondo i criteri Seaport, la diagnosi di miocardite linfocitaria attiva è stata confermata in 9/10 casi (33% focale, 67% multifocale; nessun caso diffuso). Una topografia confluente subepicardica è stata osservata in quattro casi di miocardite. Un caso precedentemente classificato come miocardite è stato riclassificato come LIUS. Tra i casi di controllo, il LIUS è stata identificato in quattro soggetti, con una prevalenza complessiva di LIUS dell'8% (4/50). La valutazione temporale ha rivelato una predominanza di forme subacute (56%) rispetto a quelle acute (44%). L'immunoistochimica ha confermato la natura linfocitaria dell'infiammazione e la ricerca del genoma virale è risultata positiva in 3/9 casi di miocardite. Conclusioni L'applicazione dei criteri Seaport ai campioni autoptici ha confermato la diagnosi originale nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi e ha identificato limitati reperti LIUS aggiuntivi. I criteri si sono dimostrati fattibili, ma hanno evidenziato difficoltà interpretative, in particolare nel distinguere la miocardite attiva dalla LIUS e nel definire la topografia all'interno di pattern multifocali. Il perfezionamento di questi criteri può migliorare la riproducibilità e la caratterizzazione dei sottotipi infiammatori e della loro distribuzione in ambito autoptico.
Diagnosi autoptica di miocardite linfocitaria: applicazione dei nuovi criteri di Seaport 2025
CRUDELE, GRAZIANO DOMENICO LUIGI
2023/2024
Abstract
Objectives The diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis at autopsy has recently been formalized by the new criteria from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (SCVP) and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP), informally known as the “Seaport criteria.” for both biopsy and non-biopsy specimens. These criteria define lymphocytic myocarditis as myocardial inflammation predominantly composed of lymphocytes, associated with myocyte injury not attributable to other causes. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and diagnostic performance of the Seaport criteria in a heterogeneous cohort of clinical autopsies. Materials and Methods A total of 50 autopsy cases were analyzed: 10 originally diagnosed as myocarditis and 40 controls (ischemic heart disease, liver disease, brain disease, metastatic neoplasms). Each case was re-evaluated and reclassified according to the Seaport categories: myocarditis (focal, multifocal, or diffuse), lymphocytic infiltrate of uncertain significance (LIUS), or no inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was performed in myocarditis/LIUS cases (core panel: CD3, CD68, C4d), and molecular testing for cardiotropic viruses (PCR) was carried out in selected myocarditis cases. Results According to the Seaport criteria, the diagnosis of active lymphocytic myocarditis was confirmed in 9/10 cases (33% focal, 67% multifocal; no diffuse cases). A subepicardial confluent topography was observed in four myocarditis cases. One case previously classified as myocarditis was reclassified as LIUS. Among control cases, LIUS was identified in four subjects, aligning with an overall LIUS prevalence of 8% (4/50). Temporal assessment revealed a predominance of subacute forms (55.6%) over acute ones (44.4%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the lymphocytic nature of inflammation, and viral genome search was positive in 3/9 myocarditis cases, with low viral load and non-causal significance. Conclusions The application of the Seaport criteria to autopsy specimens confirmed the original diagnosis in the vast majority of cases and identified limited additional LIUS findings. The criteria proved feasible but highlighted interpretive challenges, particularly in distinguishing active myocarditis from LIUS and in defining the topography within multifocal patterns. Refinement of these criteria may improve reproducibility and enhance the characterization of inflammatory subtypes and their distribution in autopsy settings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98429