Background: Since the early 2000s, Italy—along with the rest of the world—has observed a rise in cases of pulmonary silicosis associated with the processing of artificial stone, a material characterized by an extremely high content of respirable crystalline silica (~90%). This disease is marked by faster progression, shorter latency, and a lower mean age at diagnosis compared with classical silicosis. Aims: To evaluate the clinical, functional, and radiological progression of artificial stone silicosis in a cohort of Italian workers, and to reassess current occupational health surveillance protocols. Materials and Methods: All patients diagnosed with artificial stone silicosis between 2016 and 2024 at the Respiratory Physiology Outpatient Clinic of the Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padua (Italy), were included. In approximately 70% of cases, the diagnosis was confirmed through mineralogical analysis performed on transbronchial biopsies. Patients underwent annual follow-up to assess clinical, functional, and radiological disease progression. Each year, a medical examination, spirometry, measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and blood tests for inflammatory markers were performed. During the visit, the HADS questionnaire was also administered to detect symptoms of anxiety or depression. In addition, every two years, chest HRCT scans were obtained and evaluated by a radiologist experienced in diagnosing pulmonary silicosis, according to ICOERD (International Classification of High-Resolution Computed Tomography for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases) criteria. Results: Between 2016 and 2024, 28 individuals with pulmonary silicosis due to exposure to crystalline silica from artificial stone were enrolled. The patients’ age (46 ± 9 years) and latency period (14 ± 5 years) were significantly lower than those reported for classical silicosis in the literature. At diagnosis, 6 patients (21.4%) showed a restrictive ventilatory pattern, and 2 patients (7%) presented with a mixed restrictive/obstructive pattern. A reduction in DLCO was observed in 11 out of 28 patients (39.2%). During follow-up, a progressive decline in FVC, FEV1, and DLCO values was detected. Radiologically, at the last evaluation, 45% of patients (9/20) exhibited a pattern consistent with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Moreover, 58% of patients had a borderline/pathological HADS score for both anxiety- and depression-related symptoms. Inflammatory markers—particularly lactate dehydrogenase (LAD)—were elevated in more than 90% of cases, even during the early stages of follow-up. Conclusions: Our study confirms the greater aggressiveness of artificial stone silicosis compared with the natural stone–related form, as demonstrated by the rapid radiological and functional deterioration. This highlights the urgent need not only to revise occupational health surveillance protocols but also to implement appropriate public health prevention strategies.
Introduzione: A partire dai primi anni 2000 in Italia, così come nel resto del Mondo, è stato osservato un aumento dei casi di silicosi polmonare correlata alla lavorazione della pietra artificiale, caratterizzata da un contenuto estremamente elevato di silice cristallina respirabile (~90%). Tale malattia si caratterizza per una progressione più rapida, un minor tempo di latenza e un’età media alla diagnosi mediamente più bassa rispetto alla silicosi classica. Obiettivi dello studio: Valutare la progressione clinica, funzionale e radiologica della silicosi da pietra artificiale in una coorte di lavoratori italiani. Rivedere gli attuali protocolli di sorveglianza sanitaria. Materiali e Metodi: Sono stati inclusi nello studio tutti i pazienti con diagnosi di silicosi da pietra artificiale tra il 2016 e il 2024 presso l’Ambulatorio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria dell’Unità Operativa di Medicina del Lavoro dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (Italia). Nel 70% circa dei casi, la diagnosi è stata confermata tramite analisi mineralogica eseguita su biopsie transbronchiali. I pazienti sono stati arruolati per un follow-up annuale volto a valutare la progressione clinica, funzionale e radiologica della malattia. Ogni anno sono stati effettuati una visita medica, una spirometria globale, la misura della capacità di diffusione del monossido di carbonio (DLCO) ed esami ematochimici per valutare il profilo infiammatorio. Durante la visita, è stato inoltre somministrato il questionario HADS per identificare eventuali sintomi di ansia o depressione. Inoltre, ogni due anni, sono state eseguite HRCT toraciche valutate da un radiologo esperto nella diagnosi di silicosi polmonare secondo i criteri ICOERD (International Classification of High-Resolution Computed Tomography for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases). Risultati: Tra il 2016 e il 2024 sono stati arruolati 28 soggetti con diagnosi di silicosi polmonare da esposizione a silice cristallina derivante da pietra artificiale. L’età dei pazienti (46± 9 anni) e la latenza (14 ± 5anni) erano significativamente inferiori rispetto a quanto riportato per la silicosi classica nella letteratura. Alla diagnosi, 6 pazienti (21,4%) presentavano un pattern ventilatorio restrittivo e 2 pazienti (7%) un pattern misto restrittivo/ostruttivo. Una riduzione dei valori di DLCO è stata osservata in 11 dei 28 pazienti (39,2%). Nel corso del follow-up, è stato rilevato un progressivo peggioramento dei valori di FVC, FEV1 e DLCO. Dal punto di vista radiologico, all’ultima valutazione il 45% dei pazienti (9/20) mostrava un quadro compatibile con fibrosi polmonare massiva progressiva (PMF). Inoltre, il 58% dei pazienti presentava un punteggio borderline/patologico al questionario HADS, sia per i sintomi ansiosi sia per quelli depressivi. Gli indici di infiammazione (in particolar modo la lattato deidrogenasi, LAD) sono risultati aumentati in più del 90% dei casi, già nelle fasi precoci del follow-up. Conclusioni: Il nostro studio conferma la maggiore aggressività della silicosi da pietre artificiali rispetto alla forma da pietra naturale, come evidenziato dalla rapida compromissione radiologica e funzionale. Risulta quindi urgente non solo modificare le attività di sorveglianza sanitaria, ma anche implementare adeguate misure di prevenzione pubblica.
Silicosi da pietre artificiali: prognosi a medio termine e prospettive di sorveglianza sanitaria
FAVRETTO, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Since the early 2000s, Italy—along with the rest of the world—has observed a rise in cases of pulmonary silicosis associated with the processing of artificial stone, a material characterized by an extremely high content of respirable crystalline silica (~90%). This disease is marked by faster progression, shorter latency, and a lower mean age at diagnosis compared with classical silicosis. Aims: To evaluate the clinical, functional, and radiological progression of artificial stone silicosis in a cohort of Italian workers, and to reassess current occupational health surveillance protocols. Materials and Methods: All patients diagnosed with artificial stone silicosis between 2016 and 2024 at the Respiratory Physiology Outpatient Clinic of the Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padua (Italy), were included. In approximately 70% of cases, the diagnosis was confirmed through mineralogical analysis performed on transbronchial biopsies. Patients underwent annual follow-up to assess clinical, functional, and radiological disease progression. Each year, a medical examination, spirometry, measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and blood tests for inflammatory markers were performed. During the visit, the HADS questionnaire was also administered to detect symptoms of anxiety or depression. In addition, every two years, chest HRCT scans were obtained and evaluated by a radiologist experienced in diagnosing pulmonary silicosis, according to ICOERD (International Classification of High-Resolution Computed Tomography for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases) criteria. Results: Between 2016 and 2024, 28 individuals with pulmonary silicosis due to exposure to crystalline silica from artificial stone were enrolled. The patients’ age (46 ± 9 years) and latency period (14 ± 5 years) were significantly lower than those reported for classical silicosis in the literature. At diagnosis, 6 patients (21.4%) showed a restrictive ventilatory pattern, and 2 patients (7%) presented with a mixed restrictive/obstructive pattern. A reduction in DLCO was observed in 11 out of 28 patients (39.2%). During follow-up, a progressive decline in FVC, FEV1, and DLCO values was detected. Radiologically, at the last evaluation, 45% of patients (9/20) exhibited a pattern consistent with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Moreover, 58% of patients had a borderline/pathological HADS score for both anxiety- and depression-related symptoms. Inflammatory markers—particularly lactate dehydrogenase (LAD)—were elevated in more than 90% of cases, even during the early stages of follow-up. Conclusions: Our study confirms the greater aggressiveness of artificial stone silicosis compared with the natural stone–related form, as demonstrated by the rapid radiological and functional deterioration. This highlights the urgent need not only to revise occupational health surveillance protocols but also to implement appropriate public health prevention strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98718