This thesis explores the role of communication within the context of international diplomacy, focusing on its conceptual and operational transformations in an increasingly interconnected global context. The analysis culminates in the study of the 1985 Sigonella crisis, an emblematic confrontation between Reagan's United States and Craxi's Italy, which became a watershed moment in the redefinition of the relationship between national sovereignty, alliances and multi-level communication. Specifically, the first chapter frames diplomacy from a theoretical perspective, analysing its most characteristic paradigms and outlining its evolution from a simple elitist practice to a complex and more interactive tool. Modern diplomacy, in fact, is no longer limited to negotiation between governments, but involves non-state actors, public opinion and the media, as well as a plurality of other interests. In detail, the chapter examines the main theoretical approaches, namely realism, liberalism and constructivism, as well as the shift from a power-based logic to a more relational one based on crucial elements such as trust-building and, consequently, greater legitimacy and reciprocity among the actors involved. In this scenario, public diplomacy takes on a central role, promoting two-way communication aimed at building international consensus. Continuing the analysis of the above work, the second chapter focuses on the tools and strategies of diplomatic communication. Here, the transition from one-way to relational communication is analysed, as well as the growing role of the diplomat as a cultural mediator and no longer as a mere spokesperson for their government, assisted by the use of both formal tools, such as speeches and official letters, and informal tools, such as events or cultural exchanges. Particular attention is given to the tension between transparency and confidentiality, as well as between the promotion of national interests and openness to dialogue. Finally, it highlights how public diplomacy operates on two levels, the intergovernmental and the social, where the involvement of public opinion becomes a strategic lever. Finally, the third chapter presents in detail the case of the Sigonella crisis in 1985, analysing the geopolitical context of the 1980s and the diplomatic implications of the clash between Italy and the United States. Craxi, reaffirming national sovereignty against US pressure, acted with determination and strategic vision, redefining Italy's role on the international stage. In this sense, the crisis was also a testing ground for diplomatic communication: the media, formal and informal channels, and personal relationships between leaders were all intertwined. For this reason, the case highlights how, in international crises, communication is not only a transmission of messages, but also becomes a fundamental vehicle for identity, values and symbolic claims.
Questa tesi esplora il ruolo della comunicazione nel contesto della diplomazia internazionale, concentrandosi sulle sue trasformazioni concettuali e operative in un contesto globale sempre più interconnesso. L'analisi culmina nello studio della crisi di Sigonella del 1985, un confronto emblematico tra gli Stati Uniti di Reagan e l'Italia di Craxi, che ha segnato una svolta nella ridefinizione del rapporto tra sovranità nazionale, alleanze e comunicazione multilivello. In particolare, il primo capitolo inquadra la diplomazia da un punto di vista teorico, analizzandone i paradigmi più caratteristici e delineandone l'evoluzione da semplice pratica elitaria a strumento complesso e più interattivo. La diplomazia moderna, infatti, non si limita più alla negoziazione tra governi, ma coinvolge attori non statali, opinione pubblica e media, nonché una pluralità di altri interessi. In dettaglio, il capitolo esamina i principali approcci teorici, ovvero il realismo, il liberalismo e il costruttivismo, nonché il passaggio da una logica basata sul potere a una più relazionale, fondata su elementi cruciali quali la costruzione della fiducia e, di conseguenza, una maggiore legittimità e reciprocità tra gli attori coinvolti. In questo scenario, la diplomazia pubblica assume un ruolo centrale, promuovendo una comunicazione bidirezionale volta a costruire il consenso internazionale. Proseguendo l'analisi del lavoro sopra citato, il secondo capitolo si concentra sugli strumenti e sulle strategie della comunicazione diplomatica. Qui viene analizzato il passaggio dalla comunicazione unidirezionale a quella relazionale, nonché il ruolo crescente del diplomatico come mediatore culturale e non più come semplice portavoce del proprio governo, assistito dall'uso di strumenti formali, quali discorsi e lettere ufficiali, e informali, quali eventi o scambi culturali. Particolare attenzione è riservata alla tensione tra trasparenza e riservatezza, nonché tra la promozione degli interessi nazionali e l'apertura al dialogo. Infine, viene evidenziato come la diplomazia pubblica operi su due livelli, quello intergovernativo e quello sociale, dove il coinvolgimento dell'opinione pubblica diventa una leva strategica. Infine, il terzo capitolo presenta in dettaglio il caso della crisi di Sigonella del 1985, analizzando il contesto geopolitico degli anni '80 e le implicazioni diplomatiche dello scontro tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Craxi, riaffermando la sovranità nazionale contro le pressioni statunitensi, agì con determinazione e visione strategica, ridefinendo il ruolo dell'Italia sulla scena internazionale. In questo senso, la crisi è stata anche un banco di prova per la comunicazione diplomatica: i media, i canali formali e informali e le relazioni personali tra i leader si sono intrecciati. Per questo motivo, il caso evidenzia come, nelle crisi internazionali, la comunicazione non sia solo una trasmissione di messaggi, ma diventi anche un veicolo fondamentale per l'identità, i valori e le rivendicazioni simboliche.
La comunicazione nella diplomazia internazionale: il caso della crisi di Sigonella del 1985 come spartiacque politico
SCHILLACI, SALVATORE MARTINO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis explores the role of communication within the context of international diplomacy, focusing on its conceptual and operational transformations in an increasingly interconnected global context. The analysis culminates in the study of the 1985 Sigonella crisis, an emblematic confrontation between Reagan's United States and Craxi's Italy, which became a watershed moment in the redefinition of the relationship between national sovereignty, alliances and multi-level communication. Specifically, the first chapter frames diplomacy from a theoretical perspective, analysing its most characteristic paradigms and outlining its evolution from a simple elitist practice to a complex and more interactive tool. Modern diplomacy, in fact, is no longer limited to negotiation between governments, but involves non-state actors, public opinion and the media, as well as a plurality of other interests. In detail, the chapter examines the main theoretical approaches, namely realism, liberalism and constructivism, as well as the shift from a power-based logic to a more relational one based on crucial elements such as trust-building and, consequently, greater legitimacy and reciprocity among the actors involved. In this scenario, public diplomacy takes on a central role, promoting two-way communication aimed at building international consensus. Continuing the analysis of the above work, the second chapter focuses on the tools and strategies of diplomatic communication. Here, the transition from one-way to relational communication is analysed, as well as the growing role of the diplomat as a cultural mediator and no longer as a mere spokesperson for their government, assisted by the use of both formal tools, such as speeches and official letters, and informal tools, such as events or cultural exchanges. Particular attention is given to the tension between transparency and confidentiality, as well as between the promotion of national interests and openness to dialogue. Finally, it highlights how public diplomacy operates on two levels, the intergovernmental and the social, where the involvement of public opinion becomes a strategic lever. Finally, the third chapter presents in detail the case of the Sigonella crisis in 1985, analysing the geopolitical context of the 1980s and the diplomatic implications of the clash between Italy and the United States. Craxi, reaffirming national sovereignty against US pressure, acted with determination and strategic vision, redefining Italy's role on the international stage. In this sense, the crisis was also a testing ground for diplomatic communication: the media, formal and informal channels, and personal relationships between leaders were all intertwined. For this reason, the case highlights how, in international crises, communication is not only a transmission of messages, but also becomes a fundamental vehicle for identity, values and symbolic claims.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98816