Lactococcus Lactis are among the most widely used lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry. These micro-organisms catalyse the process of lactic fermentation, which is necessary to obtain products with desired characteristics. The presence of phages is one of the main causes of the failure of lactic fermentation and must be constantly monitored throughout the production process in order to avoid product wastage, delays in production with consequent environmental damage and economic repercussions. State-of-the-art techniques for detection of bacteriophages in milk have common disadvantages such as high cost, long detection time, need for trained personnel and specific equipments. The aim of this thesis work is to develop an electrochemical biosensor capable of detecting the presence of Lactococcus Lactis bacteriophages, which is at the same time reliable, low cost, easy to use and portable. The device was characterised using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a technique that allows the monitoring and modelling of the electrode-solution interface. In parallel to the electrochemical measurements, the bacterial growth was tracked through optical absorbance measurements. The device was preliminarily tested with a milk-free solution with the goal of evaluating its stability, interchangeability and detection capability in ideal conditions. I developed an appropriate protocol called ’Spill-Out’, which allowed me to detect the growth of Lactococcus Lactis. I detected the inhibition of bacterial growth due to the presence of phages in solution by evaluating the variation of the appropriate electrical parameters. After this preliminary characterisation, the device was tested in the presence of treated milk samples. I was able to measure electrically the inhibition of the growth of L.Lactis, induced by phages, in a solution that almost completely emulates a real milk sample.
l Lactococcus Lactis sono batteri dell’acido lattico, largamente utilizzati nell’industria casearia. Questi microorganismi catalizzano il processo di fermentazione lattica, necessario per l’ottenimento di prodotti caseari di qualità e con adeguate caratteristiche. I batteriofagi rappresentano una delle maggiori cause di fallimento della fermentazione lattica, la loro presenza deve essere costantemente monitorata durante tutta la durata del processo produttivo, poiché la mancata proliferazione batterica potrebbe causare scarto di prodotto, ritardi in sede di produzione con conseguenti ripercussioni economiche e ambientali. Le tecniche attualmente in uso per la rilevazione di fagi nel latte presentano svantaggi comuni quali l’alto costo, lunghi tempi di rilevazione, la necessità di strumentazione specifica e di personale qualificato. L’obbiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è sviluppare un biosensore elettrochimico in grado di rilevare la presenza di batteriofagi del L.Lactis, che sia alla stesso tempo economico, portatile ed utilizzabile da un operatore non addestrato. Il dispositivo è stato caratterizzato mediante spettroscopia d’impedenza elettrochimica, una tecnica che consente di monitorare e modellare l’interfaccia elettrodo soluzione. In parallelo alle misure elettrochimiche, la crescita batterica è stata monitorata mediante misure di assorbanza ottica. In fase iniziale il dispositivo è stato caratterizzato con una soluzione senza latte, con l’obbiettivo di valutarne la stabilità, l’intercambiabilità e la capacità di rilevazione in condizioni ideali. Il sistema elettrochimico è stato in grado di rilevare la presenza dell’inibizione della crescita batterica, causata dalla presenza di batteriofagi in soluzione, attraverso la valutazione della variazione di specifici parametri elettrici. Dopo questa caratterizzazione preliminare, il dispositivo è stato testato aggiungendo campioni di latte trattato in soluzione. Il dispositivo è stato in grado di rilevare elettricamente l’inibizione della crescita batterica, indotta dalla presenza di batteriofagi, in una soluzione che emula quasi totalmente un campione di latte reale.
Detection of L.Lactis bacteriophages in milk samples by an electrochemical biosensor.
MAGALINI, FEDERICO
2021/2022
Abstract
Lactococcus Lactis are among the most widely used lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry. These micro-organisms catalyse the process of lactic fermentation, which is necessary to obtain products with desired characteristics. The presence of phages is one of the main causes of the failure of lactic fermentation and must be constantly monitored throughout the production process in order to avoid product wastage, delays in production with consequent environmental damage and economic repercussions. State-of-the-art techniques for detection of bacteriophages in milk have common disadvantages such as high cost, long detection time, need for trained personnel and specific equipments. The aim of this thesis work is to develop an electrochemical biosensor capable of detecting the presence of Lactococcus Lactis bacteriophages, which is at the same time reliable, low cost, easy to use and portable. The device was characterised using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a technique that allows the monitoring and modelling of the electrode-solution interface. In parallel to the electrochemical measurements, the bacterial growth was tracked through optical absorbance measurements. The device was preliminarily tested with a milk-free solution with the goal of evaluating its stability, interchangeability and detection capability in ideal conditions. I developed an appropriate protocol called ’Spill-Out’, which allowed me to detect the growth of Lactococcus Lactis. I detected the inhibition of bacterial growth due to the presence of phages in solution by evaluating the variation of the appropriate electrical parameters. After this preliminary characterisation, the device was tested in the presence of treated milk samples. I was able to measure electrically the inhibition of the growth of L.Lactis, induced by phages, in a solution that almost completely emulates a real milk sample.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/9890