Renewable energy sources are usually connected to the electrical grid through power electronic converters. Their increasing adoption, driven by the necessity of addressing climate change through decarbonization, has led to deep changes in the electrical grid. Indeed, electronic converters are static machines that are gradually substituting traditional synchronous generators, causing a reduction of mechanical inertia, therefore making it more difficult to damp oscillations and ensure grid stability. As a solution, in recent years increasing attention has been paid to Grid-Forming (GFM) converters, which are controlled to act like a slowly varying voltage source behind an impedance. They are then able to directly regulate the voltage, contributing to supporting the power network. In particular, a widespread control method is the so-called “VA-GFM”, based on the synthesis of a Virtual Admittance (VA), which allows to shape the output admittance of the converter and consequently its response to grid events. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze this control scheme in detail, and afterwards calculate the effective output admittance of the converter, both analytically and in a MATLAB/Simulink simulation, to obtain a comparison with the desired VA. Then, an innovative admittance control method is proposed and implemented in simulation. Finally, the procedure for the admittance measurement previously used is compared with an approach proposed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), to check its reliability.
Le fonti di energia rinnovabile sono solitamente connesse alla rete elettrica tramite convertitori elettronici. La loro crescente diffusione, spinta dalla necessità di contrastare il cambiamento climatico attraverso la decarbonizzazione, sta comportando profondi cambiamenti nella rete elettrica. I convertitori sono infatti macchine statiche, che, andando a soppiantare parte dei tradizionali generatori sincroni, causano una riduzione dell’inerzia meccanica, rendendo più complicato smorzare fenomeni oscillatori e quindi garantire la stabilità della rete. Come soluzione a questi problemi, negli ultimi anni sono sempre più studiati i convertitori Grid-Forming (GFM), che, essendo controllati per assumere il comportamento di una sorgente di tensione dietro un’impedenza, sono in grado di regolare direttamente la tensione e quindi contribuire al supporto della rete. In particolare, un metodo di controllo notevolmente diffuso è il cosiddetto “VA-GFM”, basato sulla sintesi di un’ammettenza virtuale (Virtual Admittance), che va ad influenzare fortemente l’ammettenza di uscita del convertitore e quindi la sua risposta ai disturbi di rete. Lo scopo di questa tesi è analizzare nel dettaglio questo schema di controllo, andando poi a calcolare l’effettiva ammettenza di uscita del convertitore, sia analiticamente che tramite simulazione in MATLAB/Simulink, per compararla con l’ammettenza virtuale scelta. Successivamente, un innovativo metodo di controllo dell’ammettenza è proposto ed implementato in simulazione. Infine, la procedura di misura dell’ammettenza utilizzata precedentemente è confrontata con un approccio proposto dall’ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity), per verificarne l’affidabilità.
Virtual admittance synthesis in grid-forming converters
FRATAMICO, CLAUDIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Renewable energy sources are usually connected to the electrical grid through power electronic converters. Their increasing adoption, driven by the necessity of addressing climate change through decarbonization, has led to deep changes in the electrical grid. Indeed, electronic converters are static machines that are gradually substituting traditional synchronous generators, causing a reduction of mechanical inertia, therefore making it more difficult to damp oscillations and ensure grid stability. As a solution, in recent years increasing attention has been paid to Grid-Forming (GFM) converters, which are controlled to act like a slowly varying voltage source behind an impedance. They are then able to directly regulate the voltage, contributing to supporting the power network. In particular, a widespread control method is the so-called “VA-GFM”, based on the synthesis of a Virtual Admittance (VA), which allows to shape the output admittance of the converter and consequently its response to grid events. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze this control scheme in detail, and afterwards calculate the effective output admittance of the converter, both analytically and in a MATLAB/Simulink simulation, to obtain a comparison with the desired VA. Then, an innovative admittance control method is proposed and implemented in simulation. Finally, the procedure for the admittance measurement previously used is compared with an approach proposed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), to check its reliability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99091