ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) is a condition that often starts early in life and sticks around as you grow up, affecting adults in all stages of their lives. One of its main features is trouble managing attention, which can vary a lot depending on how motivated you are (Mostert et al., 2015). Hyperactivity usually presents as a state of constant tension and internal agitation, restlessness, and an inability to relax (Kooij et al., 2019). These specific dysfunctions lead adults to experience a series of difficulties and failures that significantly affect their mental well-being and quality of life. ADHD has long been considered a childhood disorder. Today, thanks to robust epidemiological data, both international and national, we know that ADHD in adults is not a niche disorder but one that affects a significant proportion (approximately 2.8%) of the population over the age of 18 (Fayyad et al. 2017). The clinical manifestations of ADHD are extremely heterogeneous, with significant differences in expression, both between different individuals and within the same person, depending on age and external environmental conditions. Core symptoms, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, change during individual development and may be more subtle in adulthood. Adults with ADHD also present a significant number of other related clinical manifestations, such as emotional dysregulation and the co-occurrence of other forms of psychopathology (Kooij et al., 2019). The etiology of ADHD, in terms of its genetic, environmental, neurotransmitter system, and neurobiological alterations, has revealed a complex pathogenetic picture. Studies conducted on diffuse brain systems have highlighted the role of a vast network of brain areas, simultaneously activated in ‘resting’ conditions—the default mode network (DMN)—which significantly influences other neural networks—the task-positive networks—with tasks of cognitive process activation and goal-directed activities (Castellanos and Proal, 2012; Kooij et al., 2019). This leads the adult ADHD subject to focus on their subjective internal space and stream of consciousness, resulting in difficulties in adapting to the external environment. Historically, research on ADHD has focused on deficits in executive functions, but recent studies have also highlighted motivational deficits, which have been integrated into the construct, leading to the two-way model (Sonuga-Barke, 2002). Individuals with ADHD are, for various reasons, particularly vulnerable to the onset of disorders related to problematic internet use. Impulsivity seems to play an important role among the vulnerability factors for both online gaming disorder and pathological gambling (Lutri et al. 2018). Treating adults with ADHD is complex and involves designing multimodal pharmacological, psychoeducational, and therapeutic interventions. In Italy, there are several specialized centers that implement effective psychoeducational interventions to address the critical areas that most impact the quality of life of adults with ADHD.
ADHD (acronimo di Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) è una modalità di funzionamento ad esordio precoce che spesso permane nel corso della crescita andando a influenzare il soggetto adulto in tutte le fasi della sua vita. Una delle caratteristiche è la gestione problematica dell’attenzione, estremamente variabile anche in funzione della scarsa motivazione (Mostert et al., 2015). L’iperattività di solito si presenta come uno stato di costante tensione e agitazione interna, irrequietezza e incapacità di rilassarsi (Kooij et al., 2019). Queste specifiche modalità di disfunzionamento portano l’adulto ad una serie di difficoltà e fallimenti che influenzano significativamente il benessere psichico e la qualità della vita. L’ADHD è stato considerato a lungo come disturbo dell’infanzia. Oggi, grazie a robusti dati epidemiologici, sia internazionali che nazionali, sappiamo che l’ADHD nell’adulto non è un disturbo di nicchia ma che coinvolge una parte significativa (circa il 2,8%) della popolazione con più di 18 anni di età (Fayyad et al. 2017). Le manifestazioni cliniche dell’ADHD sono estremamente eterogenee, con differenze significative di espressione, sia tra soggetti diversi che nella stessa persona, in funzione dell’età e delle condizioni ambientali esterne. La sintomatologia core, quale disattenzione, iperattività e impulsività, si modifica nel corso dello sviluppo individuale e in età adulta può essere più sfumata. L’adulto ADHD presenta anche un importante numero di altre manifestazioni cliniche correlate come la disregolazione emotiva e compresenza di altre forme di psicopatologia (Kooij et al., 2019). L’eziologia dell’ADHD, nelle sue componenti genetiche, ambientali, dei sistemi neurotrasmettitori e delle alterazioni neurobiologiche, ha evidenziato un quadro patogenetico complesso. Studi effettuati sui sistemi cerebrali diffusi hanno messo in evidenza il ruolo di una vasta rete di aree cerebrali, simultaneamente attivate in condizioni di ‘riposo’, - la default mode network (DMN) - che influenza in modo significativo altre reti neurali – le task positive – con compiti di attivazione processi cognitivi e attività finalizzate ad uno scopo specifico (Castellanos e Proal, 2012; Kooij et al., 2019). Questo porta il soggetto ADHD adulto ad una focalizzazione dello spazio soggettivo interno e flusso di coscienza con conseguenti difficoltà di adattamento ambientale esterno. Storicamente le ricerche sull’ADHD si sono concentrate sui deficit delle funzioni esecutive, ma studi recenti hanno messo in evidenza anche deficit motivazionali che hanno integrato il costrutto facendolo convogliare nel modello a due vie (Sonuga-Barke, 2002). Gli individui che soffrono di ADHD risultano, per diverse ragioni, particolarmente vulnerabili nei confronti dell’insorgenza dei disturbi correlati all’utilizzo problematico di internet. L’impulsività sembra giocare un ruolo importante tra i fattori di vulnerabilità per quanto riguarda sia il disturbo da gioco online che del gioco d’azzardo patologico (Lutri et al. 2018). Prendere in carico un adulto con ADHD è complesso e si sostanzia nel progettare interventi ‘multimodali’, farmacologici, psicoeducativi e terapeutici. In Italia ci sono alcuni centri specializzati che implementano interventi di tipo psicoeducativo efficaci per lavorare sulle aree critiche che maggiormente impattano sulla qualità della vita della persona adulta con ADHD.
ADHD nell'adulto: manifestazioni cliniche e trattamento
CICIARELLI, MASSIMILIANO
2024/2025
Abstract
ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) is a condition that often starts early in life and sticks around as you grow up, affecting adults in all stages of their lives. One of its main features is trouble managing attention, which can vary a lot depending on how motivated you are (Mostert et al., 2015). Hyperactivity usually presents as a state of constant tension and internal agitation, restlessness, and an inability to relax (Kooij et al., 2019). These specific dysfunctions lead adults to experience a series of difficulties and failures that significantly affect their mental well-being and quality of life. ADHD has long been considered a childhood disorder. Today, thanks to robust epidemiological data, both international and national, we know that ADHD in adults is not a niche disorder but one that affects a significant proportion (approximately 2.8%) of the population over the age of 18 (Fayyad et al. 2017). The clinical manifestations of ADHD are extremely heterogeneous, with significant differences in expression, both between different individuals and within the same person, depending on age and external environmental conditions. Core symptoms, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, change during individual development and may be more subtle in adulthood. Adults with ADHD also present a significant number of other related clinical manifestations, such as emotional dysregulation and the co-occurrence of other forms of psychopathology (Kooij et al., 2019). The etiology of ADHD, in terms of its genetic, environmental, neurotransmitter system, and neurobiological alterations, has revealed a complex pathogenetic picture. Studies conducted on diffuse brain systems have highlighted the role of a vast network of brain areas, simultaneously activated in ‘resting’ conditions—the default mode network (DMN)—which significantly influences other neural networks—the task-positive networks—with tasks of cognitive process activation and goal-directed activities (Castellanos and Proal, 2012; Kooij et al., 2019). This leads the adult ADHD subject to focus on their subjective internal space and stream of consciousness, resulting in difficulties in adapting to the external environment. Historically, research on ADHD has focused on deficits in executive functions, but recent studies have also highlighted motivational deficits, which have been integrated into the construct, leading to the two-way model (Sonuga-Barke, 2002). Individuals with ADHD are, for various reasons, particularly vulnerable to the onset of disorders related to problematic internet use. Impulsivity seems to play an important role among the vulnerability factors for both online gaming disorder and pathological gambling (Lutri et al. 2018). Treating adults with ADHD is complex and involves designing multimodal pharmacological, psychoeducational, and therapeutic interventions. In Italy, there are several specialized centers that implement effective psychoeducational interventions to address the critical areas that most impact the quality of life of adults with ADHD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100123