In recent decades, interest in the psychological aspects of sports performance has grown significantly, with particular attention to the role of emotions and the decision-making process. In fact, the emotions experienced during sports practice can facilitate, guide, or compromise the decisions made during competition or training, especially under conditions of pressure, uncertainty, and high emotional intensity (Hepler, 2015). The present thesis aims to analyze in depth the complex relationship between emotions and decision-making in the sports field, with particular attention to the differences between athletes in individual and team sports. The main theories on emotions are explored, including the view of Lisa Feldman Barrett and the IZOF (Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning) approach, with an in-depth analysis of the role of positive emotions and the negative impact of stress and anxiety on performance. It is highlighted that positive emotions, according to recent literature, promote the expansion of cognitive and behavioral resources, supporting sports performance; on the contrary, negative emotions such as anxiety and stress, although sometimes having a facilitating effect, are often associated with cognitive distractions and decreases in performance. The topic of the decision-making process is addressed, referring to the main theoretical models, such as the Dual Process Theory and Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory. In the sports context, decisions often have to be made in very short times, under physical and emotional stress, favoring intuitive and automatic modes (system 1) rather than analytical and deliberate ones (system 2). Reference is also made to those thought shortcuts called heuristics; specifically, it is proposed to analyze how emotions intervene in decision-making mechanisms, contributing to the formation of cognitive and emotional biases. Among the main ones, the affect heuristic represents a process through which individuals judge objects or situations based on the immediate emotions they arouse, rather than on a rational analysis of the available information. Similarly, the phenomenon of affective forecasting describes the tendency of individuals to predict their future emotional state in response to certain events, often with outcomes distorted compared to reality. Among the differences in team and individual sports, the intrapersonal dimension stands out in the latter, centered on the internal management of emotional states, while in team sports an interpersonal dimension emerges, based on sharing and collective regulation. Understanding the interaction between emotion and decision is crucial to identify the factors that influence the quality of choices in critical and high-pressure contexts such as sports. The thesis also reflects on the importance of emotional regulation strategies and metacognitive awareness to improve decision-making.
Negli ultimi decenni, l’interesse per gli aspetti psicologici della performance sportiva è cresciuto significativamente, con particolare attenzione al ruolo delle emozioni e del processo decisionale. Infatti, le emozioni vissute durante la pratica sportiva possono facilitare, orientare o compromettere le decisioni prese in gara o in allenamento, soprattutto in condizioni di pressione, incertezza e alta intensità emotiva (Hepler, 2015). Il presente elaborato si propone di analizzare in maniera approfondita il complesso rapporto tra emozioni e decision-making in ambito sportivo, con particolare attenzione alle differenze tra atleti di sport individuali e di squadra. Vengono esplorate le principali teorie sulle emozioni, tra cui la visione di Lisa Feldman Barrett e l’approccio IZOF (Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning), con un approfondimento sul ruolo delle emozioni positive e sull’impatto negativo di stress e ansia sulla performance. Si evidenzia come Le emozioni positive, secondo la letteratura recente, favoriscono l’ampliamento delle risorse cognitive e comportamentali, supportando la performance sportiva; al contrario, le emozioni negative come ansia e stress, pur avendo talvolta un effetto facilitante, sono spesso associate a distrazioni cognitive e cali prestativi. Viene affrontato il tema del processo decisionale, richiamando i principali modelli teorici, come la Teoria del Doppio Processo e la Teoria del Prospetto di Kahneman e Tversky. In ambito sportivo, le decisioni devono spesso essere prese in tempi brevissimi, sotto stress fisico ed emotivo, privilegiando modalità intuitive e automatiche (Sistema 1), piuttosto che analitiche e deliberate (Sistema 2). Si fa riferimento, inoltre, a quelle scorciatoie di pensiero chiamate euristiche, nello specifico si propone di analizzare come le emozioni intervengano nei meccanismi decisionali, contribuendo alla formazione di bias cognitivi ed emotivi. Tra i principali, l’euristica dell’affetto rappresenta un processo attraverso il quale gli individui giudicano oggetti o situazioni sulla base delle emozioni immediate che suscitano, piuttosto che su un’analisi razionale delle informazioni disponibili. Allo stesso modo, il fenomeno dell’affective forecasting descrive la tendenza degli individui a prevedere il proprio stato emotivo futuro in risposta a determinati eventi, spesso con esiti distorti rispetto alla realtà. Tra le differenze negli sport di squadra e individuali risalta particolarmente la dimensione intrapersonale, in quelli individuali, centrata sulla gestione interna degli stati emotivi, mentre negli sport di squadra emerge una dimensione interpersonale, basata sulla condivisione e la regolazione collettiva. Comprendere l’interazione tra emozione e decisione è cruciale per identificare i fattori che influenzano la qualità delle scelte in ambiti critici e ad alta pressione come quelli sportivi. L’elaborato riflette inoltre sull’importanza di strategie di regolazione emotiva e consapevolezza metacognitiva per migliorare la presa di decisione.
Il ruolo delle emozioni nel processo decisionale di un atleta: differenze in sport di squadra e individuali.
FARINEA, ANNA
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the psychological aspects of sports performance has grown significantly, with particular attention to the role of emotions and the decision-making process. In fact, the emotions experienced during sports practice can facilitate, guide, or compromise the decisions made during competition or training, especially under conditions of pressure, uncertainty, and high emotional intensity (Hepler, 2015). The present thesis aims to analyze in depth the complex relationship between emotions and decision-making in the sports field, with particular attention to the differences between athletes in individual and team sports. The main theories on emotions are explored, including the view of Lisa Feldman Barrett and the IZOF (Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning) approach, with an in-depth analysis of the role of positive emotions and the negative impact of stress and anxiety on performance. It is highlighted that positive emotions, according to recent literature, promote the expansion of cognitive and behavioral resources, supporting sports performance; on the contrary, negative emotions such as anxiety and stress, although sometimes having a facilitating effect, are often associated with cognitive distractions and decreases in performance. The topic of the decision-making process is addressed, referring to the main theoretical models, such as the Dual Process Theory and Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory. In the sports context, decisions often have to be made in very short times, under physical and emotional stress, favoring intuitive and automatic modes (system 1) rather than analytical and deliberate ones (system 2). Reference is also made to those thought shortcuts called heuristics; specifically, it is proposed to analyze how emotions intervene in decision-making mechanisms, contributing to the formation of cognitive and emotional biases. Among the main ones, the affect heuristic represents a process through which individuals judge objects or situations based on the immediate emotions they arouse, rather than on a rational analysis of the available information. Similarly, the phenomenon of affective forecasting describes the tendency of individuals to predict their future emotional state in response to certain events, often with outcomes distorted compared to reality. Among the differences in team and individual sports, the intrapersonal dimension stands out in the latter, centered on the internal management of emotional states, while in team sports an interpersonal dimension emerges, based on sharing and collective regulation. Understanding the interaction between emotion and decision is crucial to identify the factors that influence the quality of choices in critical and high-pressure contexts such as sports. The thesis also reflects on the importance of emotional regulation strategies and metacognitive awareness to improve decision-making.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100159