The concept of responsibility is more complex than one might think. Over time, it has taken on different meanings and connotations, starting from the Latin etymology respondeo, to arrive at responsibility as the heart of contemporary ethics. The first paradigm to emerge was the legal one, based on the notion of accountability: the individuals must be able to answer for what they have done in the past. This was followed by the political paradigm, aimed at supporting new European constitutionalist thinking and defending citizens from their rulers. Finally, responsibility took on a central role in the ethical-philosophical framework, particularly in the 20th century, following the great wars and a profound moral crisis. In fact, the philosophy of the last century was characterized by concern about unstoppable technological progress, which is becoming a threat to the world and to our very existence. The productive and technological power that we are increasingly acquiring has exceeded the limits of nature itself, putting the survival of all beings on earth at risk. Traditional morality, based on the imposition of precepts and rules, has not been able to curb these phenomena; on the contrary, it seems that the only possible solution is to adopt an ethic of responsibility that is equal to the situation in which we find ourselves. However, through Anders' reflections, we discover that it is not so simple. Contemporary individuals have completely lost the ability to take responsibility for their actions and their future. They are slaves to machines, totalitarian governments, the mass media, and consumer society. Their moral sense has been irretrievably extinguished, partly because their emotional and imaginative capacities cannot keep pace with their productive faculties. The most shocking and alarming thing is that this type of individual is no longer even able to grasp the danger of the atomic bomb, which, since its first use in 1945, could destroy all life on earth. The contemporary subject is not at all frightened or concerned by this scenario, remaining in a bubble of illusory hope. Anders then invites them to return to horror, to broaden their perception of their own passions, to actively participate in the conversion of humanity and the salvation of the world. But what is the real role of passions such as fear and anguish today? Are they enough to transform today's individual, who is indifferent, apathetic, and irresponsible? Are they sufficient to subvert traditional morality and assume a new and full responsibility for tomorrow? Anders does not explore this aspect in depth; however, in light of the analysis of the problem of justice for future generations and some reflections on the moral function of emotions, we will try to understand what remains to be done, from a moral point of view, in the era of climate emergency.
Il concetto di responsabilità è più complesso di quanto si pensi. Nel corso del tempo esso ha adottato diverse accezioni, che lo hanno arricchito di significati diversi, a partire dall’etimologia latina respondeo, fino ad arrivare alla responsabilità come cuore dell’etica contemporanea. Il primo paradigma emerso è quello giuridico, che si fonda sulla nozione di imputabilità: l’individuo deve essere in grado rispondere di ciò che ha compiuto in passato. A seguire si sviluppa il paradigma politico, volto ad affiancare le nuove riflessioni costituzionaliste europee e a difendere i cittadini dai loro governanti. Infine, la responsabilità ha assunto un ruolo centrale nel quadro etico-filosofico, in particolare nel Novecento, a seguito delle grandi guerre e di una profonda crisi morale. Difatti, la filosofia del secolo scorso è stata caratterizzata dalla preoccupazione per l’inarrestabile progresso tecnico, che sta diventando una minaccia per il mondo e per la nostra stessa esistenza. Il potere produttivo e tecnologico, che stiamo sempre più acquisendo, ha superato i limiti stessi della natura, mettendo a rischio la sopravvivenza di tutti gli esseri sulla terra. La morale tradizionale, fondata sull’imposizione di precetti e regole, non è stata in grado di porre freno a questi fenomeni, anzi. Pare che l’unica soluzione possibile sia adottare un’etica della responsabilità, che sia all’altezza della situazione in cui ci troviamo. Tuttavia, attraverso le riflessioni di Anders, scopriamo che ciò non è così semplice. L’individuo contemporaneo ha perso del tutto la capacità di rispondere per le proprie azioni e del proprio futuro. Egli è schiavo delle macchine, dei governi totalitari, dei mass media, della società consumistica. Il suo senso morale si è irrimediabilmente spento, complice anche il fatto che le sue capacità emotive e immaginative non riescono a stare al passo con la sua stessa facoltà produttiva. La cosa più sconvolgente e allarmante è che questa tipologia di individuo non è più in grado nemmeno di cogliere la pericolosità della bomba atomica, che, dal suo primo impiego nel 1945, potrebbe distruggere ogni forma di vita sulla terra. Il soggetto contemporaneo non per nulla è spaventato o preoccupato da questo scenario, resta in una bolla di illusoria speranza. Anders allora lo invita a tornare ad inorridirsi, ad allargare la percezione delle proprie passioni, per partecipare attivamente alla conversione dell’umanità e alla salvezza del mondo. Ma quale è realmente oggi il ruolo di passioni come paura e angoscia? Sono sufficienti per trasformare l’individuo odierno, che è indifferente, apatico, irresponsabile? Bastano per la sovversione della morale tradizionale e l’assunzione di una nuova e piena responsabilità per il domani? Anders non approfondisce questo aspetto; eppure, alla luce dell’analisi del problema della giustizia per le future generazioni e alcune riflessioni sulla funzione morale delle emozioni, proveremo a capire cosa ci resta da fare, da un punto di vista morale, nell’epoca dell’emergenza climatica.
L'evoluzione del concetto di responsabilità nel pensiero contemporaneo: considerazioni sul ruolo delle passioni a partire dal contributo di Günther Anders
VALENARI, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
The concept of responsibility is more complex than one might think. Over time, it has taken on different meanings and connotations, starting from the Latin etymology respondeo, to arrive at responsibility as the heart of contemporary ethics. The first paradigm to emerge was the legal one, based on the notion of accountability: the individuals must be able to answer for what they have done in the past. This was followed by the political paradigm, aimed at supporting new European constitutionalist thinking and defending citizens from their rulers. Finally, responsibility took on a central role in the ethical-philosophical framework, particularly in the 20th century, following the great wars and a profound moral crisis. In fact, the philosophy of the last century was characterized by concern about unstoppable technological progress, which is becoming a threat to the world and to our very existence. The productive and technological power that we are increasingly acquiring has exceeded the limits of nature itself, putting the survival of all beings on earth at risk. Traditional morality, based on the imposition of precepts and rules, has not been able to curb these phenomena; on the contrary, it seems that the only possible solution is to adopt an ethic of responsibility that is equal to the situation in which we find ourselves. However, through Anders' reflections, we discover that it is not so simple. Contemporary individuals have completely lost the ability to take responsibility for their actions and their future. They are slaves to machines, totalitarian governments, the mass media, and consumer society. Their moral sense has been irretrievably extinguished, partly because their emotional and imaginative capacities cannot keep pace with their productive faculties. The most shocking and alarming thing is that this type of individual is no longer even able to grasp the danger of the atomic bomb, which, since its first use in 1945, could destroy all life on earth. The contemporary subject is not at all frightened or concerned by this scenario, remaining in a bubble of illusory hope. Anders then invites them to return to horror, to broaden their perception of their own passions, to actively participate in the conversion of humanity and the salvation of the world. But what is the real role of passions such as fear and anguish today? Are they enough to transform today's individual, who is indifferent, apathetic, and irresponsible? Are they sufficient to subvert traditional morality and assume a new and full responsibility for tomorrow? Anders does not explore this aspect in depth; however, in light of the analysis of the problem of justice for future generations and some reflections on the moral function of emotions, we will try to understand what remains to be done, from a moral point of view, in the era of climate emergency.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100592