This study aims to analyze the figure of the prostitute in 19th-century French literature through an emblematic contrast: Esther Gobseck in Honoré de Balzac's Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes and Nana in Émile Zola's eponymous novel. The objective is to demonstrate how these two characters embody and reflect the social and moral shifts of their respective eras, the July Monarchy for Balzac and the Second Empire for Zola. The first section, dedicated to Balzac, explores the Romantic courtesan Esther within the context of the Comédie humaine and a Parisian society corrupted by money. From the "Torpille" (Torpedo) to the convert, the character is torn between fall and redemption. The analysis of Esther's body reveals a dual function: an instrument of seduction and an object of sacrifice. Her sacrificial death is interpreted as an act of individual purification and martyrdom, carrying a moral and cathartic value. The second section focuses on Nana, an emblematic figure of naturalism and the Rougon-Macquart cycle. Her miserable social origins and her ascent into high society illustrate naturalistic fatality and the decadence of the Second Empire. Nana's body is no longer sacrificial but exclusively destructive and corrupting, serving as a metaphor for the collective moral crisis. Her death, a political allegory of physical decomposition, is paralleled with the imminent collapse of the imperial regime. Finally, a comparative section highlights the continuities and ruptures between these two representations. From Esther, the redemptive body, to Nana, the corrupting body, the narrative function of the female form evolves. The conclusion underscores how prostitution, from individual martyrdom in Balzac to an allegory of collective decadence in Zola, serves as an essential mirror for deciphering the tensions, obsessions, and crises of 19th-century French society.
Questo studio si propone di analizzare la figura della prostituta nella letteratura francese del XIX secolo attraverso un contrasto emblematico: Esther Gobseck in Splendori e miserie delle cortigiane di Honoré de Balzac e Nana nel romanzo omonimo di Émile Zola. L'obiettivo è mostrare come questi due personaggi incarnino e riflettano le mutazioni sociali e morali delle rispettive epoche, la Monarchia di Luglio per Balzac e il Secondo Impero per Zola. Nella prima parte, dedicata a Balzac, esploriamo la cortigiana romantica Esther nel contesto della Comédie humaine e della Parigi corrotta dal denaro. Dalla «Torpedine» alla convertita, il personaggio è combattuto tra la caduta e la redenzione. L'analisi del corpo di Esther ne rivela una duplice funzione: strumento di seduzione e oggetto di sacrificio. La sua morte sacrificale è interpretata come un atto di purificazione e martirio individuale, portatore di un valore morale e catartico. La seconda parte si concentra su Nana, figura emblematica del naturalismo e del ciclo dei Rougon-Macquart. Le sue origini sociali miserevoli e la sua ascesa mondana illustrano la fatalità naturalista e la decadenza del Secondo Impero. Il corpo di Nana non è più sacrificale, ma esclusivamente distruttivo e corruttore, fungendo da metafora della crisi morale collettiva. La sua morte, allegoria politica della decomposizione fisica, è messa in parallelo con l'imminente caduta del regime imperiale. Infine, una sezione comparativa evidenzia le continuità e le rotture tra queste due rappresentazioni. Da Esther, corpo redentore, a Nana, corpo corruttore, la funzione narrativa del corpo femminile evolve. La conclusione sottolinea come la prostituzione, da martirio individuale in Balzac ad allegoria della decadenza collettiva in Zola, funzioni come uno specchio essenziale per decifrare le tensioni, le ossessioni e le crisi della società francese del XIX secolo.
La prostitution comme miroir de la société du XIXᵉ siècle: Esther de Balzac et Nana de Zola
TORMEN, LISA
2024/2025
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the figure of the prostitute in 19th-century French literature through an emblematic contrast: Esther Gobseck in Honoré de Balzac's Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes and Nana in Émile Zola's eponymous novel. The objective is to demonstrate how these two characters embody and reflect the social and moral shifts of their respective eras, the July Monarchy for Balzac and the Second Empire for Zola. The first section, dedicated to Balzac, explores the Romantic courtesan Esther within the context of the Comédie humaine and a Parisian society corrupted by money. From the "Torpille" (Torpedo) to the convert, the character is torn between fall and redemption. The analysis of Esther's body reveals a dual function: an instrument of seduction and an object of sacrifice. Her sacrificial death is interpreted as an act of individual purification and martyrdom, carrying a moral and cathartic value. The second section focuses on Nana, an emblematic figure of naturalism and the Rougon-Macquart cycle. Her miserable social origins and her ascent into high society illustrate naturalistic fatality and the decadence of the Second Empire. Nana's body is no longer sacrificial but exclusively destructive and corrupting, serving as a metaphor for the collective moral crisis. Her death, a political allegory of physical decomposition, is paralleled with the imminent collapse of the imperial regime. Finally, a comparative section highlights the continuities and ruptures between these two representations. From Esther, the redemptive body, to Nana, the corrupting body, the narrative function of the female form evolves. The conclusion underscores how prostitution, from individual martyrdom in Balzac to an allegory of collective decadence in Zola, serves as an essential mirror for deciphering the tensions, obsessions, and crises of 19th-century French society.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101117