Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition whose incidence is increasing within the general population. In patients with end-stage renal disease, kidney transplantation represents the replacement therapy with the most favorable prognostic profile in terms of survival and quality of life when compared with dialysis modalities. The procedure, however, is associated with a considerable risk of both intra- and postoperative anemia, attributable to intraoperative loss, delayed graft function, immunosuppressive drug toxicity, and postoperative infections. In such circumstances, blood transfusion constitutes an important therapeutic measure, although it is not without potential complications. The management of transfusion is particularly relevant from a medicolegal standpoint, as it requires specific and highly accurate informed consent, especially in cases of refusal based on personal or religious grounds. The expanding implementation of Patient Blood Management (PBM) programs further underscores the need to critically evaluate the appropriateness of transfusion indications in the context of kidney transplantation. Aim of the Study: This work aims to systematically analyze the use of blood transfusion in patients undergoing kidney transplantation, identifying the clinical and demographic variables most strongly associated with transfusion requirements and assessing the conditions that increase the risk. The objective is to define the most relevant predictive factors, estimate the proportion of potentially avoidable transfusions based on current guidelines and PBM principles, and provide elements useful for managing informed consent and for the medicolegal assessment of transfusion refusal. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 752 patients who underwent kidney transplantation between 2021 and 2024 at the University Hospital of Padua. Data analyzed included demographic characteristics, cardiovascular comorbidities, pre-transplant pharmacological therapies, type of dialysis, preoperative hemoglobin levels, type of transplant performed, organ source, and AB0 compatibility. For each patient, the occurrence of transfusion during surgery and/or in the postoperative period was evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with transfusion requirements. Results: During the study period, 35.6% of patients received at least one blood transfusion. Most transfusions occurred in the postoperative period, whereas a smaller proportion was administered intraoperatively. The variables most strongly associated with transfusion were low preoperative hemoglobin levels, the greater surgical complexity characteristic of combined kidney–pancreas transplantation, AB0 incompatibility in desensitized transplants, and the presence of hemorrhagic complications. Female sex was associated with a higher risk in the postoperative period. Notably, approximately one quarter of postoperative transfusions did not appear fully consistent with recommended criteria, suggesting the possibility of further optimising the use of blood resources. Conclusions: This study identified the principal clinical determinants that predispose patients to the need for blood transfusion in kidney transplantation. These findings provide useful tools for improving preoperative patient selection, optimising perioperative management through PBM strategies, and reducing unnecessary transfusions. Knowledge of these factors enables clinicians to provide more comprehensive and personalized information during the preoperative consultation, in accordance with Italian Law 219/2017, and to address cases in which transfusion is refused more appropriately.
Introduzione: Nei pazienti con malattia renale progressiva allo stadio terminale, il trapianto rappresenta la terapia sostitutiva con il miglior profilo prognostico in termini di sopravvivenza e qualità di vita rispetto alle metodiche dialitiche. L’intervento, tuttavia, è associato a un rischio non trascurabile di anemizzazione dovuta a perdite ematiche durante la procedura, ritardata funzione dell’organo trapiantato, tossicità dei farmaci immunosoppressori e insorgenza di infezioni. In tali circostanze la trasfusione ematica rappresenta un presidio terapeutico rilevante, pure essendo gravato da potenziali complicanze. La gestione dell’emotrasfusione è rilevante da un punto di vista medico-legale in quanto richiede un consenso informato specifico e particolarmente accurato, soprattutto nei casi di dissenso espresso per motivi personali o religiosi. La crescente diffusione del programma Patient Blood Management (PBM) rende inoltre indispensabile valutare criticamente l’appropriatezza delle indicazioni trasfusionale del contesto del trapianto renale. Scopo della tesi: Il presente lavoro intende analizzare in modo sistematico il ricorso all’emotrasfusione nei pazienti sottoposti a trapianto di rene, identificando le variabili cliniche e anagrafiche maggiormente correlate a tale necessità e valutando quali condizioni configurino un rischio aumentato. L’obiettivo è definire quali fattori predittivi risultino più rilevanti, stimare la quota di trasfusioni potenzialmente evitabili alla luce delle linee guida e fornire elementi utili alla gestione del consenso informato e alla valutazione medico-legale del rifiuto della trasfusione. Materiale e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo su 752 pazienti sottoposti a trapianto renale tra il 2021 e il 2024 presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Sono stati analizzati dati relativi a caratteristiche demografiche, comorbidità cardiovascolari, terapie farmacologiche pre-trapianto, tipo di dialisi effettuata, valori di emoglobina pre-intervento, tipo di trapianto eseguito, provenienza dell’organo e compatibilità AB0. Per ogni paziente è stata valutata la presenza di emotrasfusione in sala operatoria e/o nel periodo postoperatorio. Le analisi univariate e multivariate hanno permesso di individuare i fattori di rischio indipendenti associati alla necessità trasfusionale. Risultati: Nel periodo considerato, il 35,6% dei pazienti ha ricevuto almeno un’emotrasfusione. La maggior parte delle trasfusioni è avvenuta nel periodo postoperatorio, mentre una quota minore è stata somministrata durante l’intervento. I fattori maggiormente associati al ricorso alla trasfusione sono risultati essere i bassi valori di emoglobina pre-intervento, la maggiore complessità chirurgica, tipica del trapianto combinato rene-pancreas, l’incompatibilità AB0 nei pazienti desensibilizzati e la presenza di complicanze emorragiche. Il sesso femminile ha mostrato un rischio più elevato nel postoperatorio. Un dato di rilievo è che circa un quarto delle trasfusioni postoperatorie non appare pienamente aderente ai criteri raccomandati, suggerendo la possibilità di ottimizzare ulteriormente l’uso della risorsa sangue. Conclusioni: Lo studio ha permesso di individuare i principali determinanti clinici che predispongono alla necessità di emotrasfusione nel trapianto renale. Tali risultati forniscono strumenti utili per migliorare la selezione preoperatoria dei pazienti, ottimizzare la gestione preoperatoria mediante strategia di PBM e ridurre il ricorso non necessario alla trasfusione. La conoscenza di questi fattori consente al clinico di fornire un’informazione più completa e personalizzata durante il colloquio preoperatorio, in linea con quanto previsto dalla Legge 219/2017, e di affrontare in modo più appropriato i casi di rifiuto della trasfusione.
TRAPIANTO DI RENE ED EMOTRASFUSIONE: ANALISI CASISTICA RETROSPETTIVA E ASPETTI MEDICO-LEGALI
ORSO, MARCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition whose incidence is increasing within the general population. In patients with end-stage renal disease, kidney transplantation represents the replacement therapy with the most favorable prognostic profile in terms of survival and quality of life when compared with dialysis modalities. The procedure, however, is associated with a considerable risk of both intra- and postoperative anemia, attributable to intraoperative loss, delayed graft function, immunosuppressive drug toxicity, and postoperative infections. In such circumstances, blood transfusion constitutes an important therapeutic measure, although it is not without potential complications. The management of transfusion is particularly relevant from a medicolegal standpoint, as it requires specific and highly accurate informed consent, especially in cases of refusal based on personal or religious grounds. The expanding implementation of Patient Blood Management (PBM) programs further underscores the need to critically evaluate the appropriateness of transfusion indications in the context of kidney transplantation. Aim of the Study: This work aims to systematically analyze the use of blood transfusion in patients undergoing kidney transplantation, identifying the clinical and demographic variables most strongly associated with transfusion requirements and assessing the conditions that increase the risk. The objective is to define the most relevant predictive factors, estimate the proportion of potentially avoidable transfusions based on current guidelines and PBM principles, and provide elements useful for managing informed consent and for the medicolegal assessment of transfusion refusal. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 752 patients who underwent kidney transplantation between 2021 and 2024 at the University Hospital of Padua. Data analyzed included demographic characteristics, cardiovascular comorbidities, pre-transplant pharmacological therapies, type of dialysis, preoperative hemoglobin levels, type of transplant performed, organ source, and AB0 compatibility. For each patient, the occurrence of transfusion during surgery and/or in the postoperative period was evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with transfusion requirements. Results: During the study period, 35.6% of patients received at least one blood transfusion. Most transfusions occurred in the postoperative period, whereas a smaller proportion was administered intraoperatively. The variables most strongly associated with transfusion were low preoperative hemoglobin levels, the greater surgical complexity characteristic of combined kidney–pancreas transplantation, AB0 incompatibility in desensitized transplants, and the presence of hemorrhagic complications. Female sex was associated with a higher risk in the postoperative period. Notably, approximately one quarter of postoperative transfusions did not appear fully consistent with recommended criteria, suggesting the possibility of further optimising the use of blood resources. Conclusions: This study identified the principal clinical determinants that predispose patients to the need for blood transfusion in kidney transplantation. These findings provide useful tools for improving preoperative patient selection, optimising perioperative management through PBM strategies, and reducing unnecessary transfusions. Knowledge of these factors enables clinicians to provide more comprehensive and personalized information during the preoperative consultation, in accordance with Italian Law 219/2017, and to address cases in which transfusion is refused more appropriately.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101518