Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease whose therapeutic management is based on hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoids, which may be combined with immunosuppressants and biologic agents such as belimumab, an anti-BLyS antibody approved in 2011, and anifrolumab, a more recently introduced anti-IFNAR1 antibody. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of belimumab and anifrolumab in adult patients with active SLE, assessing disease activity through SLEDAI-2K, SLE-DAS, SLICC/ACR-DI, CLASI, joint scores, serological activity and clinical remission. The study included 68 patients treated with belimumab (BeRLiSS-2.0 cohort) and 37 treated with anifrolumab (University of Padua). Groups were balanced using a propensity score based on gender, treatment indication, previous and concomitant use of immunosuppressants or hydroxychloroquine, and SDI value. Nearest-neighbour matching (2:1, caliper 0.2) was used to generate two comparable groups. Baseline variables were compared using chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests for categorical data and the Wilcoxon test for continuous data. The evolution of continuous variables within each group was analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, while between-group comparisons were performed with linear mixed models (continuous variables) or generalized linear mixed models (categorical variables). Joint involvement was assessed separately in the two cohorts due to differences in organ-specific measures, but a comparison was still made using changes in SLEDAI-2K in patients treated for joint indications. Changes in prednisone dosage and rates of remission/clinical remission were also analysed. Treatment retention rate was assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models. At baseline, significant differences were found in prior use of azathioprine (29.7% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0013), cyclophosphamide (2.7% vs 27.9%, p = 0.0013), mycophenolate mofetil (40.5% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0294), and hydroxychloroquine (91.9% vs 50%, p < 0.001); in sero-immunological parameters (high anti-dsDNA levels, 60% vs 89.7%, p = 0.001, and low complement levels, C3: 30.6% vs 60%, p = 0.0086; C4: 17.6% vs 46.8%, p = 0.0089); in prednisone dose (3.9 ± 3.37 mg/day vs 11.03 ± 9.51, p < 0.001); and in SLEDAI-2K (5.76 ± 2.67 vs 8.06 ± 3, p < 0.001) and CLASI-A scores (7.86 ± 6.89 vs 2.35 ± 4.08, p < 0.001). Despite these differences, comparison of trends over time showed no significant differences between the two drugs regarding categorical variables, SLEDAI-2K, serological activity, or prednisone reduction. The only significant difference was the greater improvement in CLASI-A scores in the anifrolumab group, indicating superiority in cutaneous manifestations. Both groups showed significant improvements in joint activity. Among patients treated for joint manifestations, the reduction in SLEDAI-2K was comparable (p = 0.6921). Reductions in prednisone dose during months 0–6 and 6–12 were also comparable. It was not possible to statistically assess remission rates due to limited sample size. Retention rate analysis showed a higher likelihood of discontinuation in the anifrolumab group when considering all causes, but similar rates when only clinically relevant causes were included. In conclusion, belimumab and anifrolumab demonstrate comparable overall efficacy in controlling global SLE activity, with anifrolumab showing superiority in cutaneous involvement and both drugs showing similar effects on corticosteroid sparing, joint and serological activity, and remission. Both drugs represent valid therapeutic options in the management of SLE.
Il lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES) è una malattia autoimmune multisistemica la cui gestione terapeutica si basa su idrossiclorochina e glucocorticoidi, ai quali possono essere associati immunosoppressori e farmaci biologici come belimumab, anticorpo anti-BLyS approvato nel 2011, e anifrolumab, anticorpo anti-IFNAR1 di più recente introduzione. Lo scopo dello studio è confrontare l’efficacia di belimumab e anifrolumab in pazienti adulti con LES attivo, valutando l’attività di malattia tramite SLEDAI-2K, SLE-DAS, SLICC/ACR-DI, CLASI, score articolari, attività sierologica e remissione clinica. Lo studio ha incluso 68 pazienti trattati con belimumab (coorte BeRLiSS-2.0) e 37 pazienti trattati con anifrolumab (Università di Padova). I gruppi sono stati bilanciati tramite propensity score basato su sesso, indicazione al trattamento, uso pregresso e concomitante di immunosoppressori o idrossiclorochina e valore di SDI. L’appaiamento nearest-neighbour (2:1, caliper 0.2) ha consentito di creare due gruppi comparabili. Le variabili basali sono state confrontate con test chi-quadro/Fisher per dati categoriali e Wilcoxon per dati continui. L’andamento delle variabili continue nei singoli gruppi è stato analizzato tramite ANOVA per misure ripetute, mentre i confronti tra gruppi sono stati effettuati con modello lineare misto (variabili continue) o lineare generalizzato misto (variabili categoriali). L’impegno articolare è stato valutato separatamente per le due coorti, a causa di differenze nelle misure organo-specifiche, ma è stato comunque eseguito un confronto tramite variazione dello SLEDAI-2K nei pazienti trattati per indicazione articolare. Sono state inoltre analizzate le variazioni nella dose di prednisone e i tassi di remissione/remissione clinica. La retention rate del trattamento è stata valutata tramite curve di Kaplan-Meier e modelli di regressione Cox. Al baseline sono state riscontrate differenze significative nell’utilizzo pregresso di azatioprina (29.7% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0013), ciclofosfamide (2.7% vs 27.9%, p = 0.0013), micofenolato mofetile (40.5% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0294), e idrossiclorochina (91.9% vs 50%, p < 0.001), nei parametri siero-immunologici (alti livellli di anti-dsDNA, 60% vs 89.7%, p = 0.001, e bassi livelli di complemento, C3: 30.6% vs 60%, p = 0.0086; C4 17.6% vs 46.8%, p = 0.0089), nelle dosi di prednisone (3.9 ± 3.37 mg/die vs 11.03 ± 9.51, p < 0.001), negli score SLEDAI-2k (5.76 ± 2.67 vs 8.06 ± 3, p < 0.001) e CLASI-A (7.86 ± 6.89 vs 2.35 ± 4.08, p <0.001). Nonostante queste differenze, il confronto dei trend nel tempo non ha mostrato differenze significative tra i due farmaci riguardo variabili categoriali, SLEDAI-2K, attività sierologica e riduzione del prednisone. L’unica differenza significativa è stata la maggiore riduzione del CLASI-A nel gruppo anifrolumab, indicando una superiorità sulle manifestazioni cutanee. Entrambi i gruppi hanno mostrato miglioramenti significativi dell’attività articolare. Nei pazienti trattati per indicazione articolare, la riduzione dello SLEDAI-2K è risultata simile (p = 0.6921). Le riduzioni della dose di prednisone nei periodi 0–6 e 6–12 mesi sono risultate comparabili. Non è stato possibile valutare con significatività statistica i tassi di remissione a causa della limitata numerosità. La retention rate ha mostrato una maggiore probabilità di interruzione per il gruppo anifrolumab considerando tutte le cause, ma tassi sovrapponibili se si consideravano solo le cause clinicamente rilevanti. In conclusione, belimumab e anifrolumab mostrano efficacia complessiva comparabile sull’attività globale di malattia, con superiorità di anifrolumab nelle manifestazioni cutanee, e simile effetto sulla riduzione corticosteroidea, sull’attività articolare e sierologica e sulla remissione. Entrambi rappresentano opzioni terapeutiche valide nel trattamento del LES.
Belimumab and Anifrolumab in adult patients with active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a case-control study.
LUISE, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease whose therapeutic management is based on hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoids, which may be combined with immunosuppressants and biologic agents such as belimumab, an anti-BLyS antibody approved in 2011, and anifrolumab, a more recently introduced anti-IFNAR1 antibody. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of belimumab and anifrolumab in adult patients with active SLE, assessing disease activity through SLEDAI-2K, SLE-DAS, SLICC/ACR-DI, CLASI, joint scores, serological activity and clinical remission. The study included 68 patients treated with belimumab (BeRLiSS-2.0 cohort) and 37 treated with anifrolumab (University of Padua). Groups were balanced using a propensity score based on gender, treatment indication, previous and concomitant use of immunosuppressants or hydroxychloroquine, and SDI value. Nearest-neighbour matching (2:1, caliper 0.2) was used to generate two comparable groups. Baseline variables were compared using chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests for categorical data and the Wilcoxon test for continuous data. The evolution of continuous variables within each group was analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, while between-group comparisons were performed with linear mixed models (continuous variables) or generalized linear mixed models (categorical variables). Joint involvement was assessed separately in the two cohorts due to differences in organ-specific measures, but a comparison was still made using changes in SLEDAI-2K in patients treated for joint indications. Changes in prednisone dosage and rates of remission/clinical remission were also analysed. Treatment retention rate was assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models. At baseline, significant differences were found in prior use of azathioprine (29.7% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0013), cyclophosphamide (2.7% vs 27.9%, p = 0.0013), mycophenolate mofetil (40.5% vs 64.7%, p = 0.0294), and hydroxychloroquine (91.9% vs 50%, p < 0.001); in sero-immunological parameters (high anti-dsDNA levels, 60% vs 89.7%, p = 0.001, and low complement levels, C3: 30.6% vs 60%, p = 0.0086; C4: 17.6% vs 46.8%, p = 0.0089); in prednisone dose (3.9 ± 3.37 mg/day vs 11.03 ± 9.51, p < 0.001); and in SLEDAI-2K (5.76 ± 2.67 vs 8.06 ± 3, p < 0.001) and CLASI-A scores (7.86 ± 6.89 vs 2.35 ± 4.08, p < 0.001). Despite these differences, comparison of trends over time showed no significant differences between the two drugs regarding categorical variables, SLEDAI-2K, serological activity, or prednisone reduction. The only significant difference was the greater improvement in CLASI-A scores in the anifrolumab group, indicating superiority in cutaneous manifestations. Both groups showed significant improvements in joint activity. Among patients treated for joint manifestations, the reduction in SLEDAI-2K was comparable (p = 0.6921). Reductions in prednisone dose during months 0–6 and 6–12 were also comparable. It was not possible to statistically assess remission rates due to limited sample size. Retention rate analysis showed a higher likelihood of discontinuation in the anifrolumab group when considering all causes, but similar rates when only clinically relevant causes were included. In conclusion, belimumab and anifrolumab demonstrate comparable overall efficacy in controlling global SLE activity, with anifrolumab showing superiority in cutaneous involvement and both drugs showing similar effects on corticosteroid sparing, joint and serological activity, and remission. Both drugs represent valid therapeutic options in the management of SLE.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101672