Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of motor, cognitive, and behavioral domains. In the intermediate-to-advanced stages, chorea may become severe and drug-resistant, markedly affecting functional autonomy and quality of life. In cases refractory to conventional treatments, deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi-DBS) has been proposed as a therapeutic option, with preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy particularly on hyperkinetic symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of GPi stimulation in two patients with genetically confirmed HD and severe, pharmacoresistant chorea, analyzing the evolution of motor, cognitive, behavioral, and functional clinical domains. The study also seeks to compare the findings with the existing literature, discussing strengths, limitations, and clinical implications of DBS use in advanced HD. Materials and methods: This study describes two clinical cases managed at the same center, both undergoing GPi-DBS implantation for the control of hyperkinetic symptoms unresponsive to standard pharmacological treatments. For each patient, the complete clinical history was reconstructed from diagnosis to postoperative follow-up. Efficacy was assessed through longitudinal comparison of pre- and post- DBS scores in the relevant sections of the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Results: Both patients exhibited significant motor improvement after GPi-DBS. In the first case, the TMS improved from 50/124 to 34/124 (–32%), with a marked reduction in chorea (from 17/28 to 10/28; –41%). In the second case, the TMS decreased from 59/124 to 42/124 (–29%), with a 43% reduction in chorea (from 14/28 to 8/28) and a substantial improvement in oculomotor abnormalities (from 20/28 to 9/28). Cognitively, despite preoperative moderate impairment, no postoperative worsening was observed; in one case, a slight improvement in specific domains emerged. Behaviorally, qualitative changes were detected, including attenuation of depressive symptoms and certain obsessive–compulsive traits, alongside persistent apathy and irritability. No significant recovery of functional autonomy was observed, with unchanged TFC scores. Both patients experienced a substantial reduction in pharmacological burden, including discontinuation or marked down-titration of tetrabenazine. Conclusions: GPi-DBS resulted in clinically meaningful motor improvement, particularly in chorea, in both cases, consistent with findings from major case series and systematic reviews. Behavioral and cognitive outcomes appeared variable but overall reassuring, with no evidence of stimulation-induced deterioration. However, the lack of functional improvement highlights that DBS does not modify the neurodegenerative course of the disease and should be considered an advanced palliative strategy. Despite limitations—including small sample size, absence of a control group, and relatively short follow-up—this study contributes to defining the potential role of GPi-DBS in selected patients with severe, refractory chorea and underscores the need for multicenter prospective studies with extended follow-up and standardized assessments to better characterize efficacy, safety, and predictors of response to stimulation.
Background: La malattia di Huntington (HD) è una patologia neurodegenerativa ereditaria caratterizzata da una progressiva compromissione dei domini motori, cognitivi e comportamentali. Nelle fasi intermedie–avanzate la corea può diventare severa e farmacoresistente, interferendo significativamente con l’autonomia funzionale e la qualità di vita. In questi pazienti, la stimolazione cerebrale profonda del globo pallido interno (DBS-GPi) è stata proposta come opzione terapeutica, con evidenze preliminari di efficacia soprattutto sui sintomi ipercinetici. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è valutare l’impatto della stimolazione del GPi in due pazienti con HD geneticamente confermata e corea severa farmacoresistente, analizzando l’evoluzione dei domini clinici motori, cognitivi, comportamentali e funzionali. Lo studio mira, inoltre, a confrontare i risultati con le evidenze presenti in letteratura, discutendo punti di forza, limiti e implicazioni cliniche dell’utilizzo della DBS nel contesto della HD avanzata. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio presenta due casi clinici afferenti al medesimo centro, entrambi sottoposti a impianto di DBS-GPi per il controllo della sintomatologia ipercinetica non responsiva ai trattamenti farmacologici standard. Per ciascun paziente è stata ricostruita la storia clinica completa, dalla fase diagnostica al follow-up post-operatorio. La valutazione dell’efficacia è stata effettuata mediante confronto longitudinale dei punteggi pre- e post-DBS nelle sezioni della Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Risultati: Entrambi i pazienti hanno mostrato un miglioramento motorio significativo dopo DBS-GPi. Nel caso di F.R., il TMS (indice che valuta il grado di compromissione motoria dei pazienti con HD) è passato da 50/124 a 34/124 (– 32%), con una riduzione marcata della corea (da 17/28 a 10/28; –41%). Nel secondo caso, il TMS si è ridotto da 59/124 a 42/124 (–29%), con un calo della corea del 43% (da 14/28 a 8/28) e un miglioramento rilevante dei disturbi oculomotori (da 20/28 a 9/28). Sul piano cognitivo, pur nel contesto di un deterioramento moderato pre-operatorio, non è stato osservato un peggioramento post-DBS; in un caso si è evidenziata una lieve tendenza al miglioramento di alcuni domini. Il profilo comportamentale ha mostrato modificazioni qualitative, con attenuazione dei sintomi depressivi e di alcuni aspetti ossessivo–compulsivi, a fronte della persistenza di apatia e irritabilità. Nessuno dei due pazienti ha mostrato un recupero significativo dell’autonomia funzionale, con punteggi TFC invariati. In entrambi è stata ottenuta una riduzione sostanziale del carico farmacologico, inclusa la sospensione o il drastico ridimensionamento della tetrabenazina. Conclusioni: La DBS del GPi ha determinato in entrambi i casi un miglioramento motorio clinicamente rilevante, in particolare sulla corea, confermando quanto riportato dalle principali serie di casi e revisioni sistematiche. I risultati comportamentali e cognitivi sono apparsi variabili ma complessivamente rassicuranti, senza evidenza di peggioramento indotto dalla procedura. Tuttavia, la mancata modifica dell’autonomia funzionale sottolinea come la DBS non alteri il decorso neurodegenerativo della malattia e debba essere considerata una strategia palliativa avanzata. Lo studio, pur limitato dal numero ridotto di casi, dall’assenza di gruppo di controllo e dal follow-up relativamente breve, contribuisce a delineare il potenziale ruolo della DBS-GPi nella gestione di pazienti selezionati con corea severa e refrattaria, e suggerisce la necessità di studi prospettici multicentrici, con follow-up più estesi e valutazioni standardizzate, per definire in modo più accurato efficacia, sicurezza e predittori di risposta alla stimolazione.
Effiicacia della Stimolazione Cerebrale Profonda del Globo Pallido Interno nella Corea di Huntington
FRONGILLO, ANTONIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of motor, cognitive, and behavioral domains. In the intermediate-to-advanced stages, chorea may become severe and drug-resistant, markedly affecting functional autonomy and quality of life. In cases refractory to conventional treatments, deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi-DBS) has been proposed as a therapeutic option, with preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy particularly on hyperkinetic symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of GPi stimulation in two patients with genetically confirmed HD and severe, pharmacoresistant chorea, analyzing the evolution of motor, cognitive, behavioral, and functional clinical domains. The study also seeks to compare the findings with the existing literature, discussing strengths, limitations, and clinical implications of DBS use in advanced HD. Materials and methods: This study describes two clinical cases managed at the same center, both undergoing GPi-DBS implantation for the control of hyperkinetic symptoms unresponsive to standard pharmacological treatments. For each patient, the complete clinical history was reconstructed from diagnosis to postoperative follow-up. Efficacy was assessed through longitudinal comparison of pre- and post- DBS scores in the relevant sections of the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Results: Both patients exhibited significant motor improvement after GPi-DBS. In the first case, the TMS improved from 50/124 to 34/124 (–32%), with a marked reduction in chorea (from 17/28 to 10/28; –41%). In the second case, the TMS decreased from 59/124 to 42/124 (–29%), with a 43% reduction in chorea (from 14/28 to 8/28) and a substantial improvement in oculomotor abnormalities (from 20/28 to 9/28). Cognitively, despite preoperative moderate impairment, no postoperative worsening was observed; in one case, a slight improvement in specific domains emerged. Behaviorally, qualitative changes were detected, including attenuation of depressive symptoms and certain obsessive–compulsive traits, alongside persistent apathy and irritability. No significant recovery of functional autonomy was observed, with unchanged TFC scores. Both patients experienced a substantial reduction in pharmacological burden, including discontinuation or marked down-titration of tetrabenazine. Conclusions: GPi-DBS resulted in clinically meaningful motor improvement, particularly in chorea, in both cases, consistent with findings from major case series and systematic reviews. Behavioral and cognitive outcomes appeared variable but overall reassuring, with no evidence of stimulation-induced deterioration. However, the lack of functional improvement highlights that DBS does not modify the neurodegenerative course of the disease and should be considered an advanced palliative strategy. Despite limitations—including small sample size, absence of a control group, and relatively short follow-up—this study contributes to defining the potential role of GPi-DBS in selected patients with severe, refractory chorea and underscores the need for multicenter prospective studies with extended follow-up and standardized assessments to better characterize efficacy, safety, and predictors of response to stimulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101678