In evolutionary biology, the question of how reproductive barriers evolve and their influence on gene flow between species is central. This thesis examines whether phenotypic traits associated with sexual conflict, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and relative gonopodium length (GonoRel) are linked to the permeability of reproductive barriers and, consequently, hybridization. A comparative matrix was created for pairs of Xiphophorus species, assigning a hybridization score (0 = absent; 1 = rare/only in the laboratory; 2 = in nature), and discussing contemporary and historical cases. In contemporary cases (n = 5 species; Score = 2: X. birchmanni, X. malinche, X. cortezi; Score = 1: X. maculatus, X. hellerii), univariate (SSD/GonoRel vs. hybridization score) and bivariate (SSD vs. GonoRel) patterns were examined. The results show that SSD does not clearly discriminate the possibility of hybridization; on the contrary, GonoRel is consistent with the hypothesis: species that hybridize in nature have relatively more moderate gonopods, while species that hybridize in the laboratory have a relatively longer gonopodium. In any case, the analysis does not clearly separate the classes, which suggests that other ecological and phylogenetic factors contribute to the permeability of the barriers. Historical cases (X. clemenciae, X. nezahualcoyotl) confirm that hybridization can occur through stabilization. We suggest extending the analysis to continuous metrics, quantifying the opportunity for contact, and introducing phylogenetic comparative models on a larger dataset.
In biologia evolutiva è centrale il tema di come evolvano le barriere riproduttive e come queste influenzino il flusso di geni tra specie. Questa tesi analizza se tratti fenotipici del conflitto sessuale, il dimorfismo sessuale di taglia (SSD) e la lunghezza relativa del gonopodio (GonoRel), si associno alla permeabilità delle barriere riproduttive e, di conseguenza, all’ibridazione. È stata creata una matrice comparativa per coppie di specie di Xiphophorus, assegnando un punteggio di ibridazione (0 = assente; 1 = rara/solo in laboratorio; 2 = in natura), discutendo di casi contemporanei e storici. Nei casi contemporanei (n = 5 specie; Score = 2: X. birchmanni, X. malinche, X. cortezi; Score = 1: X. maculatus, X. hellerii) sono stati esaminati pattern univariati (SSD/GonoRel vs punteggio di ibridazione) e bivariati (SSD vs GonoRel). I risultati mostrano che SSD non discrimina in modo netto la possibilità di ibridazione, al contrario, GonoRel è coerente con l’ipotesi: le specie che si ibridano in natura presentano gonopodi relativamente più moderati, mentre le specie che sono ibridate in laboratorio presentano un gonopodio relativamente più lungo. In ogni caso l’analisi non separa nettamente le classi, questo suggerisce che altri fattori, ecologici e filogenetici, contribuiscano nella permeabilità delle barriere. I casi storici (X. clemenciae, X. nezahualcoyotl) confermano che l’ibridazione può avvenire stabilizzandosi. Si suggerisce di estendere l’analisi a metriche continue, quantificando l’opportunità di contatto, e introducendo modelli comparativi filogenetici su un dataset più ampio.
Compromessi funzionali tra crescita e ornamentazione in popolazioni sperimentali di ibridi di pesci portaspada
REGAZZO, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
In evolutionary biology, the question of how reproductive barriers evolve and their influence on gene flow between species is central. This thesis examines whether phenotypic traits associated with sexual conflict, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and relative gonopodium length (GonoRel) are linked to the permeability of reproductive barriers and, consequently, hybridization. A comparative matrix was created for pairs of Xiphophorus species, assigning a hybridization score (0 = absent; 1 = rare/only in the laboratory; 2 = in nature), and discussing contemporary and historical cases. In contemporary cases (n = 5 species; Score = 2: X. birchmanni, X. malinche, X. cortezi; Score = 1: X. maculatus, X. hellerii), univariate (SSD/GonoRel vs. hybridization score) and bivariate (SSD vs. GonoRel) patterns were examined. The results show that SSD does not clearly discriminate the possibility of hybridization; on the contrary, GonoRel is consistent with the hypothesis: species that hybridize in nature have relatively more moderate gonopods, while species that hybridize in the laboratory have a relatively longer gonopodium. In any case, the analysis does not clearly separate the classes, which suggests that other ecological and phylogenetic factors contribute to the permeability of the barriers. Historical cases (X. clemenciae, X. nezahualcoyotl) confirm that hybridization can occur through stabilization. We suggest extending the analysis to continuous metrics, quantifying the opportunity for contact, and introducing phylogenetic comparative models on a larger dataset.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101806