The thesis addresses the problem of the instability of bioactive peptides in biological environments, one of the main obstacles to their use as drugs. Although these compounds offer advantages such as high selectivity and low toxicity, they are easily degraded by proteolytic enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and bloodstream, thus reducing their clinical effectiveness. After analyzing the main degradation mechanisms (involving enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and aminopeptidases) and the physiological barriers that limit their bioavailability, the thesis focuses on structural and chemical strategies to enhance peptide resistance. In particular, it examines the introduction of D-amino acids, the formation of cyclic structures, and modifications at the N- and C-terminal ends. Innovative technological approaches are also presented, such as the use of nanocarriers, conjugation with polymers or proteins, and co-formulations that protect peptides from degradation. Finally, successful clinical cases and potential future applications in oncology and personalized medicine are discussed.
La tesi affronta il problema dell’instabilità dei peptidi bioattivi in ambiente biologico, uno dei principali ostacoli al loro impiego come farmaci. Questi composti, pur offrendo vantaggi come elevata selettività e bassa tossicità, vengono facilmente degradati da enzimi proteolitici presenti nel tratto gastrointestinale e nel sangue, riducendo così la loro efficacia clinica. Dopo aver analizzato i principali meccanismi di degradazione (coinvolgendo enzimi come pepsina, tripsina e aminopeptidasi) e le barriere fisiologiche che limitano la biodisponibilità, la tesi si concentra sulle strategie strutturali e chimiche per aumentare la resistenza dei peptidi. In particolare, vengono esaminate l’introduzione di D-amminoacidi, la formazione di cicli e le modifiche alle estremità N- e C-terminali.. Vengono inoltre presentati approcci tecnologici innovativi, come l’uso di nanocarrier, coniugazioni con polimeri o proteine e co-formulazioni che proteggono i peptidi dalla degradazione. Infine, sono discussi casi clinici di successo e le potenziali applicazioni future in oncologia e medicina personalizzata.
Peptidi Bioattivi: Strategie per una Maggiore Stabilità in Ambiente Biologico
BAZIZ, SABRINA
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis addresses the problem of the instability of bioactive peptides in biological environments, one of the main obstacles to their use as drugs. Although these compounds offer advantages such as high selectivity and low toxicity, they are easily degraded by proteolytic enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and bloodstream, thus reducing their clinical effectiveness. After analyzing the main degradation mechanisms (involving enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and aminopeptidases) and the physiological barriers that limit their bioavailability, the thesis focuses on structural and chemical strategies to enhance peptide resistance. In particular, it examines the introduction of D-amino acids, the formation of cyclic structures, and modifications at the N- and C-terminal ends. Innovative technological approaches are also presented, such as the use of nanocarriers, conjugation with polymers or proteins, and co-formulations that protect peptides from degradation. Finally, successful clinical cases and potential future applications in oncology and personalized medicine are discussed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101809