G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of membrane proteins, characterized by a distinctive structure made up of seven transmembrane α-helices connected by intracellular and extracellular loops. They play a fundamental role in molecule recognition and signal transduction, thus representing a primary target in the research and development of new drugs. This work analyzes various approaches for studying the thermostability of GPCRs, useful for identifying ligands capable of stabilizing the protein and increasing its melting temperature (Tm). Among the currently used methods, the use of radioactive tracers, FSEC-TS analysis, and DSF with BODIPY are described and compared, with particular attention to a more recent approach called ThermoBRET. The ThermoBRET method is based on energy transfer from a Nanoluciferase (Nluc), fused to the N-terminal end of a GPCR, to a fluorophore, Sulfo-Cyanine3 maleimide (SCM). The latter, reactive towards thiol groups, binds to cysteine residues exposed during receptor denaturation, accepting energy from Nluc and emitting fluorescence. The signal, measured as a NanoBRET ratio, allows the determination of Tm. Thanks to the possibility of analyzing unpurified proteins at low concentrations, along with compatibility with high-throughput assays, ThermoBRET appears as an extremely promising tool for the identification and development of new drugs.
I recettori accoppiati a proteine G (GPCRs) costituiscono una vasta famiglia di proteine di membrana, accomunate da una struttura caratteristica formata da sette α-eliche transmembrana collegate da loop intra- ed extracellulari. Essi svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel riconoscimento di molecole e nella trasduzione del segnale, rappresentando così un target di primaria importanza nella ricerca e nello sviluppo di nuovi farmaci. In questo elaborato vengono analizzati diversi approcci per lo studio della termostabilità dei recettori GPCR, utili a identificare i ligandi in grado di stabilizzare la proteina e incrementarne la temperatura di fusione (Tm). Tra i metodi attualmente in uso vengono descritti e confrontati l’impiego di traccianti radioattivi, l’analisi FSEC-TS e la DSF con BODIPY, con particolare attenzione a un approccio più recente denominato ThermoBRET. Il metodo ThermoBRET si basa sul trasferimento di energia da una Nanoluciferasi (Nluc), fusa all’estremità N-terminale di una GPCR, a un fluoroforo, il Sulfo-Cyanine3 maleimide (SCM). Quest’ultimo, reattivo nei confronti dei gruppi tiolici, si lega ai residui di cisteina esposti durante la denaturazione del recettore, accettando l’energia da Nluc ed emettendo fluorescenza. Il segnale, misurato come rapporto NanoBRET, consente la determinazione di Tm. Grazie alla possibilità di analizzare proteine non purificate e in basse concentrazioni, oltre alla compatibilità con saggi ad alto rendimento, ThermoBRET si configura come uno strumento estremamente promettente per l’identificazione e lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci.
Analisi critica del saggio di termostabilità ThermoBRET, applicato a studi di interazione ligando-recettore nel contesto di recettori accoppiati a proteine G.
CANDELORO, AURORA
2024/2025
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of membrane proteins, characterized by a distinctive structure made up of seven transmembrane α-helices connected by intracellular and extracellular loops. They play a fundamental role in molecule recognition and signal transduction, thus representing a primary target in the research and development of new drugs. This work analyzes various approaches for studying the thermostability of GPCRs, useful for identifying ligands capable of stabilizing the protein and increasing its melting temperature (Tm). Among the currently used methods, the use of radioactive tracers, FSEC-TS analysis, and DSF with BODIPY are described and compared, with particular attention to a more recent approach called ThermoBRET. The ThermoBRET method is based on energy transfer from a Nanoluciferase (Nluc), fused to the N-terminal end of a GPCR, to a fluorophore, Sulfo-Cyanine3 maleimide (SCM). The latter, reactive towards thiol groups, binds to cysteine residues exposed during receptor denaturation, accepting energy from Nluc and emitting fluorescence. The signal, measured as a NanoBRET ratio, allows the determination of Tm. Thanks to the possibility of analyzing unpurified proteins at low concentrations, along with compatibility with high-throughput assays, ThermoBRET appears as an extremely promising tool for the identification and development of new drugs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101813