During its existence, the Soviet Union was characterised by its ethnic and linguistic complexity. With over a hundred ethnic groups spread across a vast territory stretching from Eastern Europe to the Far Eastern Asia, the USSR represented a unique cultural mosaic. This extraordinary diversity led the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to develop and implement a long and complex series of language policies aimed at managing and, in many cases, controlling the identity dynamics of different populations. These policies had a significant impact not only on the spoken language, but also on writing, literary production and printing, and the transmission of knowledge in minority languages. In particular, Central Asia — which includes republics such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan — underwent profound linguistic changes under Soviet influence. In these regions, multilingualism was a daily reality, with the coexistence of Turkic and Iranian languages and, of course, Russian, which was promoted as a lingua franca for interethnic communication and a tool for ideological unification. Towards the end of the 1930s, Russian became the compulsory language in schools, official documents and the media, contributing to its widespread use even among non-Slavic populations. However, this linguistic infiltration was not without tension: while on the one hand it promoted access to education and employment opportunities, on the other it led to the gradual marginalisation of local languages, which were often relegated to informal or folkloric contexts. In conclusion, Soviet language policies reflect an attempt to build a supranational identity, the Soviet identity, while maintaining tight control over internal cultural diversity
Durante la sua esistenza, l'Unione Sovietica si contraddistinse per la sua complessità etnica e linguistica. Con oltre cento gruppi etnici distribuiti su un territorio vastissimo, che si estendeva dall'Europa orientale fino all'estremo Oriente asiatico, l'URSS rappresentava un mosaico culturale unico nel suo genere. Questa straordinaria varietà spinse il Partito Comunista dell'Unione Sovietica (PCUS) a sviluppare e attuare una lunga e articolata serie di politiche linguistiche aventi l'obiettivo di gestire e, in molti casi, controllare le dinamiche identitarie delle diverse popolazioni. Tali politiche hanno avuto un impatto significativo non solo sulla lingua parlata, ma anche sulla scrittura, sulla produzione e la stampa letteraria e sulla trasmissione del sapere nelle lingue minoritarie. In particolare, l'Asia Centrale — che comprende repubbliche come il Kazakistan, l'Uzbekistan, il Turkmenistan, il Kirghizistan e il Tagikistan — ha vissuto profondi cambiamenti linguistici sotto l'influenza sovietica. In queste regioni, il multilinguismo era una realtà quotidiana, con la coesistenza di lingue turche, iraniche e, naturalmente, del russo, che veniva promosso come lingua franca per la comunicazione interetnica e strumento di unificazione ideologica. Verso la fine degli anni Trenta, il russo divenne lingua obbligatoria nelle scuole, nei documenti ufficiali e nei mezzi di comunicazione, contribuendo alla sua diffusione capillare anche tra le popolazioni non slave. Tuttavia, questa penetrazione linguistica non fu priva di tensioni: se da un lato favorì l'accesso all'istruzione e alle opportunità lavorative, dall'altro comportò una graduale marginalizzazione delle lingue locali, spesso relegate a contesti informali o folkloristici. In conclusione, le politiche linguistiche sovietiche riflettono il tentativo di costruire un'identità sovranazionale, quella sovietica, pur mantenendo un controllo stretto sulle diversità culturali interne.
Lingue e alfabeti in Unione Sovietica: le politiche linguistiche sovietiche e i loro effetti in Asia Centrale
BISELLO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
During its existence, the Soviet Union was characterised by its ethnic and linguistic complexity. With over a hundred ethnic groups spread across a vast territory stretching from Eastern Europe to the Far Eastern Asia, the USSR represented a unique cultural mosaic. This extraordinary diversity led the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to develop and implement a long and complex series of language policies aimed at managing and, in many cases, controlling the identity dynamics of different populations. These policies had a significant impact not only on the spoken language, but also on writing, literary production and printing, and the transmission of knowledge in minority languages. In particular, Central Asia — which includes republics such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan — underwent profound linguistic changes under Soviet influence. In these regions, multilingualism was a daily reality, with the coexistence of Turkic and Iranian languages and, of course, Russian, which was promoted as a lingua franca for interethnic communication and a tool for ideological unification. Towards the end of the 1930s, Russian became the compulsory language in schools, official documents and the media, contributing to its widespread use even among non-Slavic populations. However, this linguistic infiltration was not without tension: while on the one hand it promoted access to education and employment opportunities, on the other it led to the gradual marginalisation of local languages, which were often relegated to informal or folkloric contexts. In conclusion, Soviet language policies reflect an attempt to build a supranational identity, the Soviet identity, while maintaining tight control over internal cultural diversity| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101907