This thesis examines the role of the French language in shaping social classes and identities in contemporary Morocco. In a multilingual context where Classical Arabic, Darija, Amazigh, French, and increasingly English coexist, French continues to function as a prestigious and symbolically powerful language, a legacy of the colonial period that persists through current socio-economic dynamics. The first chapter traces the historical evolution of Morocco’s linguistic landscape, from the French Protectorate to post-independence language policies, emphasizing the continuity of French within the spheres of education, administration, and culture. The second chapter explores French as a language of the elite, highlighting the inequalities in access to its learning between public and private education, and its function as a marker of social distinction. French appears not only as a language of opportunity but also as a tool for cultural and professional legitimation, reflecting broader processes of social stratification. The third chapter presents a sociolinguistic survey conducted among bilingual and trilingual speakers. The results reveal that proficiency in French is perceived as a sign of success and upward mobility, yet it also generates ambivalent feelings between tradition and modernity, authenticity and aspiration. In conclusion, French in Morocco operates as a vehicle of symbolic and social capital, reproducing linguistic and cultural hierarchies while contributing to the construction of hybrid identities within a rapidly evolving society.
Ce mémoire analyse le rôle du français dans la structuration des classes sociales et des identités au Maroc contemporain. Dans un contexte où coexistent plusieurs langues: l’arabe classique, la darija, l’amazigh, le français et de plus en plus l’anglais. Le français demeure une langue de prestige et de pouvoir symbolique, héritée du passé colonial et consolidée par les dynamiques socio-économiques actuelles. Le premier chapitre retrace l’évolution historique du paysage linguistique marocain, depuis le protectorat français jusqu’aux politiques linguistiques post-indépendance, en soulignant la continuité de la présence du français dans les sphères de l’éducation, de l’administration et de la culture. Le deuxième chapitre examine le français comme langue d’élite et met en évidence les inégalités d’accès à son apprentissage entre l’enseignement public et privé, ainsi que sa fonction de marqueur de distinction sociale. Le français apparaît non seulement comme une langue d’opportunité, mais aussi comme un instrument de légitimation culturelle et professionnelle. Le troisième chapitre s’appuie sur une enquête sociolinguistique menée auprès de locuteurs bilingues et trilingues. Les résultats révèlent que la maîtrise du français est perçue comme un signe de réussite et de mobilité, mais aussi comme une source d’ambivalence identitaire entre tradition et modernité. En conclusion, le français au Maroc agit comme un vecteur de capital symbolique et social, reproduisant les hiérarchies linguistiques et culturelles tout en participant à la construction d’identités hybrides au sein d’une société en mutation.
Diglossie fonctionnelle: langue française et identité sociale au Maroc
EL MEKH, SOUKAINA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis examines the role of the French language in shaping social classes and identities in contemporary Morocco. In a multilingual context where Classical Arabic, Darija, Amazigh, French, and increasingly English coexist, French continues to function as a prestigious and symbolically powerful language, a legacy of the colonial period that persists through current socio-economic dynamics. The first chapter traces the historical evolution of Morocco’s linguistic landscape, from the French Protectorate to post-independence language policies, emphasizing the continuity of French within the spheres of education, administration, and culture. The second chapter explores French as a language of the elite, highlighting the inequalities in access to its learning between public and private education, and its function as a marker of social distinction. French appears not only as a language of opportunity but also as a tool for cultural and professional legitimation, reflecting broader processes of social stratification. The third chapter presents a sociolinguistic survey conducted among bilingual and trilingual speakers. The results reveal that proficiency in French is perceived as a sign of success and upward mobility, yet it also generates ambivalent feelings between tradition and modernity, authenticity and aspiration. In conclusion, French in Morocco operates as a vehicle of symbolic and social capital, reproducing linguistic and cultural hierarchies while contributing to the construction of hybrid identities within a rapidly evolving society.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Soukaina El mekh mémoire.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101926