Abstract The increasing volume of ASR presents significant challenges for sustainable waste management due to its heterogeneous and complex composition, and it incurs environmental burdens when landfilled, including gas emissions and the production of complex leachate. This study evaluates four ASR treatment scenarios—landfilling (S1), incineration (S2), mechanical recycling (S3), and pyrolysis (S4)—to identify the most sustainable pathway in terms of environmental and economic performance. A life cycle assessment (LCA), following the ReCiPe approach, was conducted to assess environmental impacts across five impact categories, while A techno-economic analysis is used to estimate the cost-revenue structure of each treatment scenario. The life cycle assessment revealed that mechanical recovery (S3) had the lowest overall environmental impact, especially in climate change potential (12 kg CO₂-eq/ton), fossil resource use, and human toxicity. Economically, S3 also proved advantageous, recovering 400 kg of recyclates and generating a net profit of about €20–80 per ton of ASR processed. Landfilling (S1) was the least sustainable option, with the highest climate impact (7,936.3 kg CO₂-eq/ton) and minimal resource recovery (50 kg/ton), despite having low operating costs (€90-130). It was recommended that landfilling be phased out. Pyrolysis (S4) offers a balanced alternative, achieving moderate emissions (615 kg CO₂-eq) and recovering valuable by-products, such as oil, gas, and char. However, its feasibility depends on capital investment and regulatory support. Incineration (S2) provided substantial energy recovery (2,500 kWh/ton). Still, it resulted in high environmental impacts—particularly acidification and fossil fuel depletion, and high costs (€150–200/ton). This study supports prioritizing S3-mechanical recovery/recycling as the main treatment method for car fluff, with thermal processes like pyrolysis used only for non-recyclable waste. At the same time, policy should promote infrastructure for effective sorting of recyclables and reduce reliance on landfills, in line with EU Directive 2000/53/EU. This research contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable waste management, offering evidence-based insights to optimize car fluff recovery in line with global environmental standards. Key words: Car Fluff, End-of-life Vehicles, Life Cycle Assessment, Techno-economic Analysis, Landfil
Abstract L’aumento del volume di ASR presenta sfide significative per una gestione sostenibile dei rifiuti a causa della sua composizione eterogenea e complessa, comportando oneri ambientali quando smaltito in discarica, tra cui emissioni di gas e produzione di percolato complesso. Questo studio valuta quattro scenari di trattamento dell’ASR—discarica (S1), incenerimento (S2), riciclaggio meccanico (S3) e pirolisi (S4)—per identificare il percorso più sostenibile in termini di performance ambientale ed economica. È stata condotta una valutazione del ciclo di vita (LCA) seguendo l’approccio ReCiPe per stimare gli impatti ambientali in cinque categorie, mentre un’analisi tecnico-economica è stata utilizzata per valutare la struttura costi-ricavi di ciascun scenario di trattamento. La LCA ha rivelato che il recupero meccanico (S3) ha avuto il minor impatto ambientale complessivo, soprattutto in termini di potenziale cambiamento climatico (12 kg CO₂-eq/ton), uso di risorse fossili e tossicità per l’uomo. Dal punto di vista economico, S3 si è dimostrato vantaggioso, recuperando 400 kg di materiali riciclabili e generando un profitto netto di circa 20–80 € per tonnellata di ASR trattata. La discarica (S1) è risultata l’opzione meno sostenibile, con il maggior impatto climatico (7.936,3 kg CO₂-eq/ton) e un recupero minimo di risorse (50 kg/ton), nonostante i bassi costi operativi (90–130 €). Si raccomanda di eliminare progressivamente la discarica. La pirolisi (S4) offre un’alternativa equilibrata, raggiungendo emissioni moderate (615 kg CO₂-eq) e recuperando sottoprodotti preziosi, come olio, gas e carbone. Tuttavia, la sua fattibilità dipende dall’investimento iniziale e dal supporto normativo. L’incenerimento (S2) consente un notevole recupero energetico (2.500 kWh/ton), ma comporta elevati impatti ambientali—soprattutto acidificazione e consumo di combustibili fossili—e costi elevati (150–200 €/ton). Questo studio supporta la priorità del recupero/riciclaggio meccanico (S3) come principale metodo di trattamento del car fluff, riservando processi termici come la pirolisi solo ai rifiuti non riciclabili. Contestualmente, le politiche dovrebbero promuovere infrastrutture per un efficace smistamento dei materiali riciclabili e ridurre la dipendenza dalle discariche, in linea con la Direttiva UE 2000/53/CE. La ricerca contribuisce al dibattito crescente sulla gestione sostenibile dei rifiuti, offrendo approfondimenti basati su evidenze per ottimizzare il recupero del car fluff in conformità agli standard ambientali globali. Parole chiave: Car Fluff, Veicoli a fine vita, Valutazione del ciclo di vita, Analisi tecnico-economica, Discarica
Characterization and Life Cycle Assessment of Car Fluff Valorization in Italy
CHEBONGKENG, KACHA K
2024/2025
Abstract
Abstract The increasing volume of ASR presents significant challenges for sustainable waste management due to its heterogeneous and complex composition, and it incurs environmental burdens when landfilled, including gas emissions and the production of complex leachate. This study evaluates four ASR treatment scenarios—landfilling (S1), incineration (S2), mechanical recycling (S3), and pyrolysis (S4)—to identify the most sustainable pathway in terms of environmental and economic performance. A life cycle assessment (LCA), following the ReCiPe approach, was conducted to assess environmental impacts across five impact categories, while A techno-economic analysis is used to estimate the cost-revenue structure of each treatment scenario. The life cycle assessment revealed that mechanical recovery (S3) had the lowest overall environmental impact, especially in climate change potential (12 kg CO₂-eq/ton), fossil resource use, and human toxicity. Economically, S3 also proved advantageous, recovering 400 kg of recyclates and generating a net profit of about €20–80 per ton of ASR processed. Landfilling (S1) was the least sustainable option, with the highest climate impact (7,936.3 kg CO₂-eq/ton) and minimal resource recovery (50 kg/ton), despite having low operating costs (€90-130). It was recommended that landfilling be phased out. Pyrolysis (S4) offers a balanced alternative, achieving moderate emissions (615 kg CO₂-eq) and recovering valuable by-products, such as oil, gas, and char. However, its feasibility depends on capital investment and regulatory support. Incineration (S2) provided substantial energy recovery (2,500 kWh/ton). Still, it resulted in high environmental impacts—particularly acidification and fossil fuel depletion, and high costs (€150–200/ton). This study supports prioritizing S3-mechanical recovery/recycling as the main treatment method for car fluff, with thermal processes like pyrolysis used only for non-recyclable waste. At the same time, policy should promote infrastructure for effective sorting of recyclables and reduce reliance on landfills, in line with EU Directive 2000/53/EU. This research contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable waste management, offering evidence-based insights to optimize car fluff recovery in line with global environmental standards. Key words: Car Fluff, End-of-life Vehicles, Life Cycle Assessment, Techno-economic Analysis, Landfil| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102276