Background: In Ethiopia, maternal and neonatal mortality remains high and progress falls short of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations for 2030. Maternity Waiting Homes are a public health intervention that aims to overcome the difficulty of reaching a hospital in a timely manner. This issue is one of the crucial points in the Thaddeus and Maine model, which aims to understand the causes of delays in accessing healthcare services in the event of obstetric complications. Although Maternity Waiting Homes have been present in Ethiopia since the late 1980s, socio-economic determinants of health still significantly influence their use. Deprivation, low levels of education, unemployment, living in rural areas, and cultural and religious factors influence the decision to seek healthcare and, consequently, have an impact on access to Maternity Waiting Homes. Understanding these determinants of use is essential for implementing a service that has proven effective in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Purpose of the study: The aim is to assess the socio-cultural barriers to accessing Maternity Waiting Homes. In particular, we wanted to assess the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of users and non-users of the MWH. We also wanted to investigate the perceived barriers among those who did not access the service and the determinants of use among those who did. Materials and methods: A nested case-control study was conducted between 2023 and 2025 at Saint Luke Hospital in Wolisso and the adjacent Maternity Waiting Home. The cases were women who had used the MWH, while the controls were the two subsequent women in labour who were not users of the MWH. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire in the local language that gathered socio-economic and obstetric information and presented an adapted version of the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Two separate sections, depending on the case or control group, collected information on perceived barriers to use and service quality. Results: The total sample included 177 women, comprising 59 cases and 118 controls. According to the multivariate analysis conducted, MWH users were mainly residents of rural areas (AOR 3.52; 95% CI 1.39-8.94), more than 60 minutes' walk from a hospital facility (AOR 3.75; 95% CI 1.42-9.91), with a history of high-risk obstetrics (AOR 2.85; 95% CI 1.09-7.47) and with a higher probability of having a twin pregnancy (AOR 9.58; 95% CI 0.82-111-83). Barriers emerged relating to the use of transport, lack of communication of information and referral to the service, and participation in the activities promoted. Conclusions: Maternity Waiting Homes are confirmed as effective tools for overcoming socio-economic and geographical barriers to accessing safe, quality care. Factors such as distance from hospital services, greater deprivation and a high-risk obstetric history are factors that positively influence the use of the service. These results are consistent with international literature highlighting how MWHs contribute to strengthening equity in healthcare systems. Barriers to access remain, including the cost of transport to the waiting home, shortcomings in the communication system for informing and referring women correctly, and cultural factors that influence participation in the health education activities offered. A thorough understanding of these factors will increase the use of the service, helping to establish the role of MWHs as a tool for health equity and justice in low-resource settings.
Background: In Etiopia, la mortalità materna e neonatale rimane elevata ed i progressi compiuti al di sotto degli Obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile stilati dalle Nazioni Unite per il 2030. Le Maternity Waiting Homes (MWHs) sono un intervento di sanità pubblica che si propone di superare la difficoltà a raggiungere tempestivamente una struttura ospedaliera. Questa problematica è uno dei punti cruciali del modello di Thaddeus e Maine, volto a comprendere le cause di ritardo nell’accesso ai servizi sanitari in caso di complicanze ostetriche. Sebbene le MWHs siano presenti in Etiopia dalla fine degli anni Ottanta, i determinanti socioeconomici della salute ne influenzano in modo ancora importante l’utilizzo. Una condizione di deprivazione, un basso livello d’istruzione, la mancanza di un’occupazione, la residenza in un’area rurale e fattori culturali e religiosi condizionano la decisione stessa di rivolgersi o meno al personale sanitario. La comprensione di questi determinanti d’utilizzo risulta fondamentale per implementare un servizio che si è rivelato efficace nel ridurre la mortalità materna e neonatale. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo è valutare le barriere socio-culturali all’accesso alle MWHs. In particolare, si è voluto valutare le caratteristiche socio-demografiche ed ostetriche tra le utenti e non della MWH. Si è inoltre voluto indagare quali fossero le barriere percepite tra chi non ha avuto accesso al servizio e i determinanti di utilizzo tra chi invece ne ha fatto uso. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio caso-controllo nidificato tra il 2023 e il 2025 presso il Saint Luke Hospital di Wolisso e la annessa MWH. I casi erano le donne che avevano utilizzato la MWH, mentre i controlli erano le due partorienti successive non utenti della MWH. La raccolta dati è stata attuata mediante un questionario in lingua locale che raccoglieva informazioni socioeconomiche, ostetriche e presentava la versione adattata del Multidimensional Poverty Index. Due sezioni distinte, a seconda del gruppo dei casi o dei controlli, raccoglievano informazioni riguardo alle barriere d’utilizzo percepite e alla qualità del servizio. Risultati: Il campione totale ha compreso 177 donne, di cui 59 casi e 118 controlli. Secondo l’analisi multivariata condotta, le utenti della MWH sono risultate principalmente residenti in aree rurali (AOR 3.52; CI 95% 1.39-8.94), a più di 60 minuti a piedi da una struttura ospedaliera (AOR 3.75; CI 95% 1.42-9.91), con un’anamnesi ostetrica a rischio (AOR 2.85; CI 95% 1.09-7.47) e con una maggiore probabilità di avere una gravidanza gemellare (AOR 9.58; CI 95% 0.82-111-83). Sono emerse delle barriere relative all’utilizzo dei mezzi di trasporto, alle carenze comunicative di informazione e indirizzamento al servizio e alla partecipazione alle attività promosse. Conclusioni: Le MWHs si confermano strumenti efficaci per superare le barriere socio-economiche e geografiche di accesso a cure sicure e di qualità. Condizioni di distanza dai servizi ospedalieri, un maggior stato di deprivazione e un’anamnesi ostetrica a rischio, sono fattori che orientano positivamente al servizio. Questi risultati si collocano in continuità con la letteratura internazionale che evidenzia come le MWHs contribuiscano al rafforzamento dell’equità nei sistemi sanitari. Persistono delle barriere d’accesso che sono rappresentate dalle spese relative al mezzo di trasporto utilizzato per recarsi alla MWH, alle carenze nel sistema comunicativo per informare e indirizzare correttamente le donne e ai fattori culturali che influenzano la partecipazione alle attività di educazione sanitaria proposte. Un’approfondita comprensione di questi fattori consentirà di incrementare l’utilizzo del servizio contribuendo all’affermare il ruolo delle MWHs come strumento di equità e giustizia sanitaria nei contesti a basse risorse.
Analisi delle barriere socio-culturali all'accesso alle Maternity Waiting Homes
ROCCO, MICHELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: In Ethiopia, maternal and neonatal mortality remains high and progress falls short of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations for 2030. Maternity Waiting Homes are a public health intervention that aims to overcome the difficulty of reaching a hospital in a timely manner. This issue is one of the crucial points in the Thaddeus and Maine model, which aims to understand the causes of delays in accessing healthcare services in the event of obstetric complications. Although Maternity Waiting Homes have been present in Ethiopia since the late 1980s, socio-economic determinants of health still significantly influence their use. Deprivation, low levels of education, unemployment, living in rural areas, and cultural and religious factors influence the decision to seek healthcare and, consequently, have an impact on access to Maternity Waiting Homes. Understanding these determinants of use is essential for implementing a service that has proven effective in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Purpose of the study: The aim is to assess the socio-cultural barriers to accessing Maternity Waiting Homes. In particular, we wanted to assess the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of users and non-users of the MWH. We also wanted to investigate the perceived barriers among those who did not access the service and the determinants of use among those who did. Materials and methods: A nested case-control study was conducted between 2023 and 2025 at Saint Luke Hospital in Wolisso and the adjacent Maternity Waiting Home. The cases were women who had used the MWH, while the controls were the two subsequent women in labour who were not users of the MWH. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire in the local language that gathered socio-economic and obstetric information and presented an adapted version of the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Two separate sections, depending on the case or control group, collected information on perceived barriers to use and service quality. Results: The total sample included 177 women, comprising 59 cases and 118 controls. According to the multivariate analysis conducted, MWH users were mainly residents of rural areas (AOR 3.52; 95% CI 1.39-8.94), more than 60 minutes' walk from a hospital facility (AOR 3.75; 95% CI 1.42-9.91), with a history of high-risk obstetrics (AOR 2.85; 95% CI 1.09-7.47) and with a higher probability of having a twin pregnancy (AOR 9.58; 95% CI 0.82-111-83). Barriers emerged relating to the use of transport, lack of communication of information and referral to the service, and participation in the activities promoted. Conclusions: Maternity Waiting Homes are confirmed as effective tools for overcoming socio-economic and geographical barriers to accessing safe, quality care. Factors such as distance from hospital services, greater deprivation and a high-risk obstetric history are factors that positively influence the use of the service. These results are consistent with international literature highlighting how MWHs contribute to strengthening equity in healthcare systems. Barriers to access remain, including the cost of transport to the waiting home, shortcomings in the communication system for informing and referring women correctly, and cultural factors that influence participation in the health education activities offered. A thorough understanding of these factors will increase the use of the service, helping to establish the role of MWHs as a tool for health equity and justice in low-resource settings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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ANALISI DELLE BARRIERE SOCIO-CULTURALI ALL'ACCESSO ALLE MATERNITY WAITING HOMES_pdfA.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102312