Introduction: Orthostatic hypotension is a condition with highly variable prevalence, particularly high in the elderly population. Its therapeutic management is complex, requiring a personalized and multimodal approach. Several studies have demonstrated an association between orthostatic hypotension and increased mortality, cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, falls and syncope. Study Objective: To characterize patients with orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction. To evaluate changes in blood pressure profiles following therapeutic adjustments introduced during outpatient assessment. To analyze mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalizations, syncopal or fall episodes and incident fractures occurring during follow-up, with the goal of identifying predictive parameters associated with these outcomes. Methods: This prospective-retrospective observational study was conducted at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso. Patients with a diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension of dysautonomic origin were enrolled between November 1st, 2024, and August 31st, 2025. Data collection was performed through review of clinical records and outpatient evaluations, gathering demographic, anthropometric, clinical, pharmacological and laboratory data. Baseline and follow-up data were compared and clinical outcomes, including mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalizations and episodes of syncope or falls were analyzed. Results: A total of 110 patients with OH were enrolled, with a mean age of 77 ± 7.6 years, 35.5% were female. Primary forms of orthostatic hypotension accounted for 66% of cases, consistent with the finding that 70% had neurological comorbidities. Cardiovascular comorbidities were present in 69% of patients, and cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent, including hypertension (75%), dyslipidemia (55%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (46%). Comparison of therapy at baseline and follow-up showed a marked increase in the prescription of medications for orthostatic hypotension (13.6% → 48.6%) and supine hypertension (10.9% → 37.1 %), along with a parallel reduction in the use of alpha-blockers (21.8% → 5.7%) and diuretics (24.6% → 17.1%). Reassessment of blood pressure profiles at follow-up revealed a statistically significant reduction in systolic (SBP) (p = 0.01) and diastolic (DBP) (p = 0.016) blood pressure in the supine position, a significant increase in SBP (p = 0.004) and DBP (p = 0.021) at 1 minute after standing and a significant reduction in the magnitude of the SBP drop from supine to upright between T0 and T1 (p < 0.001). Additionally, ABPM results showed improvement in circadian blood pressure patterns, with a significant increase in dipper profiles and a reduction in non-dipper and reverse-dipper patterns. Regarding mortality and cardiovascular events, the composite MACE endpoint was considered and 24 events occurred during a mean follow-up of 1.8 ± 1.5 years. In multivariate Cox analysis, MACE was significantly associated with diabetes mellitus [HR = 4.2 (1.34-12.72) p < 0.001] and cognitive impairment [HR = 3.29 (1.10-9.84) p = 0.040]. During follow-up, 46 hospitalizations occurred, most commonly due to syncope or falls (37%) or cardiovascular issues (22%). Multivariate Cox analysis showed a significant association between hospitalizations and diabetes mellitus [HR = 2.02 (1.01-4.01) p = 0.046]. Overall, 42% of patients experienced syncope or falls during follow-up, without evidence of significantly predisposing factors in linear regression analyses. Conclusions: This study characterized patients with dysautonomic orthostatic hypotension, highlighting a high prevalence of cardiovascular and neurological comorbidities, as well as diabetes. Therapeutic adjustments led to a significant improvement in blood pressure profiles and a reduction in syncope and falls. Clinical outcomes were strongly influenced by comorbidities, particularly diabetes.
Introduzione: L’ipotensione ortostatica (OH) è una condizione caratterizzata da prevalenza variabile, elevata nella popolazione anziana. La gestione terapeutica è complessa, richiedendo un approccio personalizzato e multimodale. Numerosi studi hanno evidenziato un’associazione tra OH e aumento di mortalità, eventi cardiovascolari, ospedalizzazioni, cadute e sincopi. Scopo dello studio: Caratterizzare i pazienti affetti da OH con disfunzione autonomica. Valutare l’andamento del profilo pressorio in seguito alle modifiche terapeutiche. Analizzare la mortalità e gli eventi cardiovascolari maggiori (MACE), le ospedalizzazioni, gli episodi di sincope o caduta e fratture insorti durante il follow-up, per identificare eventuali parametri predittivi associati. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio osservazionale retrospettivo-prospettico è stato condotto presso l’Ospedale Ca’ Foncello di Treviso su pazienti con diagnosi di OH disautonomica, reclutati tra il 1° Novembre 2024 e il 31° Agosto 2025. La raccolta dati è stata effettuata mediante revisione delle cartelle cliniche e visite ambulatoriali, con acquisizione di parametri antropometrici, anamnestici, clinici, terapeutici e bioumorali. Sono stati confrontati i dati al baseline e al follow-up e sono stati analizzati gli outcome clinici durante il follow-up (mortalità ed eventi cardiovascolari maggiori (MACE), ospedalizzazioni, episodi di sincope o caduta). Risultati: Sono stati reclutati 110 pazienti con OHd, età media di 77 ± 7.6 anni, il 35.5% di sesso femmile e il 66% con OHd primitiva, dato in linea con il rilievo del 70% di comorbidità neurologiche. Il 69% della popolazione presenta comorbidità cardiovascolari e sono frequenti fattori di rischio cardiovascolare come ipertensione arteriosa (75%) e diabete mellito di tipo 2 (46%). Tra baseline e follow-up aumentano le prescrizioni di farmaci per l’OH (13.6% → 48.6%) e per l’ipertensione supina (10.9% → 37.1 %), mentre diminuiscono alfa-litici (21.8% → 5.7%) e diuretici (24.6% → 17.1%). Il profilo pressorio al follow-up evidenzia in modo statisticamente significativo una riduzione della pressione arteriosa sistolica (PAS) (p = 0.01) e diastolica (PAD) (p = 0.016) in clinostatismo, un aumento della PAS (p = 0.004) e della PAD (p = 0.021) in ortostatismo a 1 minuto e una riduzione del calo pressorio della PAS al passaggio clino-ortostatismo (p<0.001). I risultati dell’ABPM mostrano un miglioramento statisticamente significativo dei pattern circadiani pressori, con un aumento di pazienti dipper e una riduzione di pazienti non dipper e reverse dipper. Valutando l’endpoint composito MACE durante il follow-up di 1.8 ± 1.5 anni, sono stati registrati 24 eventi. All’analisi Cox multivariata è emersa un’associazione statisticamente significativa tra MACE e diabete mellito [HR = 4.2 (1.34-12.72) p < 0.001] e decadimento cognitivo [HR = 3.29 (1.10-9.84) p = 0.040]. Durante il follow-up si sono verificati 46 ricoveri, la maggior parte per sincopi o cadute (37%) o per cause cardiovascolari (22%). All’analisi Cox multivariata è emersa un’associazione statisticamente significativa tra ricoveri e diabete mellito [HR = 2.02 (1.01-4.01) p = 0.046]. Il 42% dei pazienti ha presentato sincopi/cadute durante il follow-up senza evidenza di predittori significativi. Conclusioni: Questo studio ha caratterizzato pazienti con OHd, evidenziando un’elevata presenza di comorbidità cardiovascolari, neurologiche e diabete. Le modifiche terapeutiche introdotte hanno migliorato significativamente il profilo pressorio e ridotto sincopi e cadute. Gli outcome clinici sono risultati fortemente influenzati dalle comorbidità, in particolare dal diabete.
Ipotensione ortostatica e rischio di eventi cardiovascolari: risultati di uno studio osservazionale su pazienti disautonomici
ZAMBIANCO, SILVIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Orthostatic hypotension is a condition with highly variable prevalence, particularly high in the elderly population. Its therapeutic management is complex, requiring a personalized and multimodal approach. Several studies have demonstrated an association between orthostatic hypotension and increased mortality, cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, falls and syncope. Study Objective: To characterize patients with orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction. To evaluate changes in blood pressure profiles following therapeutic adjustments introduced during outpatient assessment. To analyze mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalizations, syncopal or fall episodes and incident fractures occurring during follow-up, with the goal of identifying predictive parameters associated with these outcomes. Methods: This prospective-retrospective observational study was conducted at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso. Patients with a diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension of dysautonomic origin were enrolled between November 1st, 2024, and August 31st, 2025. Data collection was performed through review of clinical records and outpatient evaluations, gathering demographic, anthropometric, clinical, pharmacological and laboratory data. Baseline and follow-up data were compared and clinical outcomes, including mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalizations and episodes of syncope or falls were analyzed. Results: A total of 110 patients with OH were enrolled, with a mean age of 77 ± 7.6 years, 35.5% were female. Primary forms of orthostatic hypotension accounted for 66% of cases, consistent with the finding that 70% had neurological comorbidities. Cardiovascular comorbidities were present in 69% of patients, and cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent, including hypertension (75%), dyslipidemia (55%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (46%). Comparison of therapy at baseline and follow-up showed a marked increase in the prescription of medications for orthostatic hypotension (13.6% → 48.6%) and supine hypertension (10.9% → 37.1 %), along with a parallel reduction in the use of alpha-blockers (21.8% → 5.7%) and diuretics (24.6% → 17.1%). Reassessment of blood pressure profiles at follow-up revealed a statistically significant reduction in systolic (SBP) (p = 0.01) and diastolic (DBP) (p = 0.016) blood pressure in the supine position, a significant increase in SBP (p = 0.004) and DBP (p = 0.021) at 1 minute after standing and a significant reduction in the magnitude of the SBP drop from supine to upright between T0 and T1 (p < 0.001). Additionally, ABPM results showed improvement in circadian blood pressure patterns, with a significant increase in dipper profiles and a reduction in non-dipper and reverse-dipper patterns. Regarding mortality and cardiovascular events, the composite MACE endpoint was considered and 24 events occurred during a mean follow-up of 1.8 ± 1.5 years. In multivariate Cox analysis, MACE was significantly associated with diabetes mellitus [HR = 4.2 (1.34-12.72) p < 0.001] and cognitive impairment [HR = 3.29 (1.10-9.84) p = 0.040]. During follow-up, 46 hospitalizations occurred, most commonly due to syncope or falls (37%) or cardiovascular issues (22%). Multivariate Cox analysis showed a significant association between hospitalizations and diabetes mellitus [HR = 2.02 (1.01-4.01) p = 0.046]. Overall, 42% of patients experienced syncope or falls during follow-up, without evidence of significantly predisposing factors in linear regression analyses. Conclusions: This study characterized patients with dysautonomic orthostatic hypotension, highlighting a high prevalence of cardiovascular and neurological comorbidities, as well as diabetes. Therapeutic adjustments led to a significant improvement in blood pressure profiles and a reduction in syncope and falls. Clinical outcomes were strongly influenced by comorbidities, particularly diabetes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102313