Pneumothorax is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air within the pleural space, located between the visceral and parietal pleura. This alteration leads to a loss of the negative intrapleural pressure necessary for lung expansion, causing a partial or total collapse of the affected lung and compromising respiratory function. Chest X-ray represents the most commonly used first-line investigation for diagnosis and monitoring, while computed tomography is employed in more complex cases or to identify underlying pulmonary pathologies. Thoracic ultrasound, especially in emergency settings, has demonstrated high sensitivity and can also be used by adequately trained nursing staff for early recognition. Treatment varies according to the severity of the clinical picture and the size of the pneumothorax: in mild cases, clinical observation may be sufficient, whereas in more severe cases, chest drainage is required. Tension pneumothorax constitutes a potentially life-threatening emergency and requires immediate needle decompression, followed by the placement of an intercostal chest drain. However, international guidelines show discrepancies regarding the optimal needle length and decompression site, generating clinical uncertainty. In this scenario, nurses play a strategic role in the initial assessment, pre-, intra-, and post-procedural management, and in continuous clinical monitoring, thus contributing significantly to patient outcomes. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the scientific literature to identify the most effective strategies in the management of needle decompression for tension pneumothorax, defining the optimal needle length, the most appropriate anatomical site, and the operational role of nurses in emergency and urgent care settings. A structured narrative review of the literature from the past 20 years was conducted using the main databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar), with keywords such as pneumothorax, emergency, nurse, nursing, tension pneumothorax, needle decompression, chest wall thickness, needle length, and intercostal space. Studies in English or Italian were included, involving adult patients undergoing needle decompression for pneumothorax or chest wall thickness measurement, following the PRISMA model for article selection. The analysis of the literature highlighted that the use of longer needles is associated with a significant increase in the success rate of tension pneumothorax decompression. No relevant differences in chest wall thickness were found between sexes; however, it was found to be generally lower at the fifth intercostal space along the anterior axillary line compared to the second intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line, suggesting a higher probability of successful access at this site. The timeliness of nursing intervention and the standardization of procedures emerged as key factors in reducing morbidity and mortality. The correct emergency management of a tension pneumothorax is based on standardized procedures capable of reducing morbidity and mortality. The use of adequately long needles improves the effectiveness of the intervention, while the choice of decompression site must balance technical efficacy and anatomical safety: the fifth intercostal space on the anterior axillary line provides a more favorable access in most patients, whereas the second intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line remains preferable in complex anatomical conditions or on the left side to reduce the risk of cardiac injury.
Lo pneumotorace è una condizione clinica caratterizzata dalla presenza di aria nello spazio pleurico, compreso tra la pleura viscerale e quella parietale. Questa alterazione determina una perdita della pressione negativa intrapleurica necessaria per l’espansione polmonare, provocando un collasso parziale o totale del polmone interessato e compromettendo la funzione respiratoria. La radiografia del torace rappresenta l’indagine di primo livello più utilizzata per la diagnosi e il monitoraggio, mentre la tomografia computerizzata trova impiego nei casi più complessi o per identificare eventuali patologie polmonari sottostanti. L’ecografia toracica, soprattutto nei contesti di emergenza, ha dimostrato un’elevata sensibilità e può essere utilizzata anche da personale infermieristico adeguatamente formato per un riconoscimento precoce. Il trattamento varia in base alla gravità del quadro clinico e alle dimensioni dello pneumotorace: nei casi lievi può essere sufficiente l’osservazione clinica, mentre nei casi più severi si ricorre al drenaggio toracico. Lo pneumotorace iperteso costituisce un’emergenza potenzialmente letale e richiede un’immediata decompressione con ago, seguita dal posizionamento di un drenaggio toracico intercostale. Le linee guida internazionali presentano tuttavia discrepanze riguardo la lunghezza dell’ago e il sito di decompressione, generando incertezza clinica. In questo scenario, l’infermiere riveste un ruolo strategico nella valutazione iniziale, nella gestione pre, intra e post procedurale e nel monitoraggio clinico continuo, contribuendo in modo determinante all’outcome del paziente. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di analizzare la letteratura scientifica per identificare le strategie più efficaci nella gestione della decompressione con ago dello pneumotorace iperteso, definendo la lunghezza ottimale dell’ago, il sito anatomico più appropriato e il ruolo operativo dell’infermiere nei contesti di emergenza-urgenza. È stata condotta una revisione narrativa strutturata della letteratura degli ultimi 20 anni attraverso le principali banche dati (PubMed, Cochrane,Google Scholar), utilizzando parole chiave come pneumothorax, emergency, nurse,nursing, pneumothorax tension, needle decompression, chest wall thickness, needlelength, intercostal space. Sono stati inclusi studi in lingua inglese o italiana, su adulti sottoposti a terapia decompressiva con ago per pneumotorace o con misurazione dello spessore della parete toracica, seguendo il modello PRISMA per la selezione degli articoli. L’analisi della letteratura ha evidenziato che l’utilizzo di aghi di maggiore lunghezza è associato a un significativo incremento del tasso di successo nella decompressione dello pneumotorace iperteso. Non sono emerse differenze rilevanti nello spessore della parete toracica tra i sessi, mentre quest’ultimo risulta mediamente inferiore al quinto spazio intercostale lungo la linea ascellare anteriore rispetto al secondo spazio intercostale sulla linea emiclaveare, suggerendo una maggiore probabilità di accesso efficace in questa sede. La tempestività dell’intervento infermieristico e la standardizzazione delle procedure emergono come fattori chiave per ridurre morbilità e mortalità. Il corretto trattamento in emergenza di uno pneumotorace iperteso si basa su procedure standardizzate, capaci di ridurre morbilità e mortalità. L’impiego di aghi adeguatamente lunghi migliora l’efficacia dell’intervento, mentre la scelta del sito di decompressione deve bilanciare efficacia tecnica e sicurezza anatomica: il quinto spazio intercostale sulla linea ascellare anteriore offre un accesso più favorevole nella maggior parte dei pazienti, mentre il secondo spazio sulla linea emiclaveare resta preferibile in condizioni anatomiche complesse o sul lato sinistro per ridurre il rischio di lesioni cardiache.
GESTIONE INFERMIERISTICA DELLO PNEUMOTORACE IN EMERGENZA: DALL’ASSESSMENT CLINICO AL SUPPORTO TERAPEUTICO
MIHALI, DENISA ELISON
2024/2025
Abstract
Pneumothorax is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air within the pleural space, located between the visceral and parietal pleura. This alteration leads to a loss of the negative intrapleural pressure necessary for lung expansion, causing a partial or total collapse of the affected lung and compromising respiratory function. Chest X-ray represents the most commonly used first-line investigation for diagnosis and monitoring, while computed tomography is employed in more complex cases or to identify underlying pulmonary pathologies. Thoracic ultrasound, especially in emergency settings, has demonstrated high sensitivity and can also be used by adequately trained nursing staff for early recognition. Treatment varies according to the severity of the clinical picture and the size of the pneumothorax: in mild cases, clinical observation may be sufficient, whereas in more severe cases, chest drainage is required. Tension pneumothorax constitutes a potentially life-threatening emergency and requires immediate needle decompression, followed by the placement of an intercostal chest drain. However, international guidelines show discrepancies regarding the optimal needle length and decompression site, generating clinical uncertainty. In this scenario, nurses play a strategic role in the initial assessment, pre-, intra-, and post-procedural management, and in continuous clinical monitoring, thus contributing significantly to patient outcomes. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the scientific literature to identify the most effective strategies in the management of needle decompression for tension pneumothorax, defining the optimal needle length, the most appropriate anatomical site, and the operational role of nurses in emergency and urgent care settings. A structured narrative review of the literature from the past 20 years was conducted using the main databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar), with keywords such as pneumothorax, emergency, nurse, nursing, tension pneumothorax, needle decompression, chest wall thickness, needle length, and intercostal space. Studies in English or Italian were included, involving adult patients undergoing needle decompression for pneumothorax or chest wall thickness measurement, following the PRISMA model for article selection. The analysis of the literature highlighted that the use of longer needles is associated with a significant increase in the success rate of tension pneumothorax decompression. No relevant differences in chest wall thickness were found between sexes; however, it was found to be generally lower at the fifth intercostal space along the anterior axillary line compared to the second intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line, suggesting a higher probability of successful access at this site. The timeliness of nursing intervention and the standardization of procedures emerged as key factors in reducing morbidity and mortality. The correct emergency management of a tension pneumothorax is based on standardized procedures capable of reducing morbidity and mortality. The use of adequately long needles improves the effectiveness of the intervention, while the choice of decompression site must balance technical efficacy and anatomical safety: the fifth intercostal space on the anterior axillary line provides a more favorable access in most patients, whereas the second intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line remains preferable in complex anatomical conditions or on the left side to reduce the risk of cardiac injury.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102389