Introduction Probiotic supplementation has immunomodulatory effects, supporting antibody production and cell-mediated responses. For this reason, probiotics are used in diseases related to immune system disorders, as well as in the field of vaccination. Given the limitations in efficacy and side effects of traditional adjuvants, probiotics could be an attractive option as adjuvants, given their modulation of the activities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and the prospect of enhancing the immune responses induced by vaccination. Purpose of the study The present study aims to analyze the ability of three strains of lactobacilli (L. plantarum, L. gasseri L6, L. gasseri CO-L04) to enhance the immune responses induced by an intramuscular influenza vaccine. Materials and methods BALB/c mice were administered different strains of lactobacilli daily via intranasal (10⁶ CFU/day) or intragastric (10⁹ CFU/day) routes. Control groups were treated with an equal volume of sterile PBS. After 6 days of treatment, the animals were immunized with the commercially available 2024/2025 seasonal influenza vaccine, with a dose of 2.1 μg of total HA intramuscularly, and probiotic treatment was extended for another 6 days. The animals were sacrificed 28 days after immunization. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected to determine the systemic humoral response, lung tissue was collected to quantify mucosal humoral responses (IgA) by ELISA, and spleen tissue was collected to quantify viral antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Results A significant increase in virus-specific T lymphocytes was observed for all experimental groups treated with lactobacilli administered via intragastric gavage and for the L. plantarum strain when administered intranasally. No probiotic was able to increase the number of virus-specific B cells in the spleen. In serum, a significant increase in total virus-specific IgG was obtained only with intranasal L. plantarum, while considering IgG1 and IgG2 individually, an increase was observed with L. plantarum for both routes of administration. In lung tissue, there was no significant increase in virus-specific IgA for any of the groups treated with probiotics compared to mice immunized but not supplemented with probiotics. Discussion and Conclusion L. plantarum demonstrates an interesting adjuvant effect on influenza vaccination, increasing the number of virus-specific splenic T lymphocytes but not systemic B cells. L. plantarum also promotes systemic humoral responses to influenza, but it does not enhance the related pulmonary mucosal antibody responses.
Introduzione La supplementazione con probiotici presenta effetti immunomodulanti, supportando la produzione di anticorpi e le risposte cellulo-mediate. Per tale motivo, i probiotici trovano applicazioni in patologie legate a disordini del sistema immunitario, nonché in ambito vaccinale. Di fronte a limitazioni di efficacia ed effetti collaterali degli adiuvanti tradizionali, i probiotici potrebbero rappresentare un’attrattiva interessante come adiuvanti, vista la modulazione delle attività dei tessuti linfoidi associati alle mucose e la prospettiva, dunque, di ottenere un potenziamento delle risposte immunitarie indotte dalla vaccinazione. Scopo dello studio Il presente studio si propone di analizzare la capacità di tre ceppi di lattobacilli (L. plantarum, L. gasseri L6, L. gasseri CO-L04) di potenziare le risposte immunitarie indotte da un vaccino antinfluenzale destinato alla somministrazione intramuscolare. Materiali e metodi Topi BALB/c sono stati somministrati ogni giorno con i diversi ceppi di lattobacilli per via intranasale (10⁶ CFU/die) oppure intragastrica (10⁹ CFU/die). I gruppi controllo sono stati trattati con pari volume di PBS sterile. Dopo 6 gg di trattamento, gli animali sono stati immunizzati con il vaccino antinfluenzale della stagione 2024/2025 disponibile in commercio, alla dose di 2,1 μg di HA totale per via intramuscolare, e il trattamento con probiotici è stato esteso per altri 6 gg. Il sacrificio degli animali è avvenuto dopo 28 gg dall’immunizzazione. Al momento del sacrificio, sono stati raccolti campioni di sangue, al fine di determinare la risposta umorale sistemica, il tessuto polmonare, per la quantificazione delle risposte umorali mucosali (IgA) mediante ELISA, e la milza, per la quantificazione dei linfociti T e B specifici per gli antigeni virali mediante citometria a flusso. Risultati Un aumento significativo dei linfociti T virus-specifici si è osservato per tutti i gruppi sperimentali trattati con lattobacilli somministrati mediante gavage intragastrico e per il ceppo L. plantarum quando somministrato per via intranasale. Nessun probiotico è stato in grado di incrementare i numeri di cellule B virus-specifiche spleniche. Nel siero, un aumento significativo delle IgG virus-specifiche totali è stato ottenuto solo con L. plantarum intranasale, mentre considerando singolarmente IgG1 e IgG2, si è evidenziato l’incremento con L. plantarum per entrambe le vie di somministrazione. Nel tessuto polmonare non appariva un aumento significativo di IgA virus specifiche per alcuno dei gruppi trattati con probiotici rispetto ai topi immunizzati ma non supplementati con probiotici. Discussione e Conclusione L. plantarum dimostra un interessante effetto adiuvante nei confronti della vaccinazione antinfluenzale, incrementando la conta dei linfociti T virus-specifici splenici ma non quella delle cellule B sistemiche. L. plantarum promuove inoltre le risposte umorali sistemiche antinfluenzali, tuttavia esso non potenzia le relative risposte anticorpali mucosali polmonari.
Studio delle relazioni tra vaccino contro il virus influenzale, ceppi di lattobacilli e sistema immunitario: effetto adiuvante in modello murino
SCAPIN, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction Probiotic supplementation has immunomodulatory effects, supporting antibody production and cell-mediated responses. For this reason, probiotics are used in diseases related to immune system disorders, as well as in the field of vaccination. Given the limitations in efficacy and side effects of traditional adjuvants, probiotics could be an attractive option as adjuvants, given their modulation of the activities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and the prospect of enhancing the immune responses induced by vaccination. Purpose of the study The present study aims to analyze the ability of three strains of lactobacilli (L. plantarum, L. gasseri L6, L. gasseri CO-L04) to enhance the immune responses induced by an intramuscular influenza vaccine. Materials and methods BALB/c mice were administered different strains of lactobacilli daily via intranasal (10⁶ CFU/day) or intragastric (10⁹ CFU/day) routes. Control groups were treated with an equal volume of sterile PBS. After 6 days of treatment, the animals were immunized with the commercially available 2024/2025 seasonal influenza vaccine, with a dose of 2.1 μg of total HA intramuscularly, and probiotic treatment was extended for another 6 days. The animals were sacrificed 28 days after immunization. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected to determine the systemic humoral response, lung tissue was collected to quantify mucosal humoral responses (IgA) by ELISA, and spleen tissue was collected to quantify viral antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Results A significant increase in virus-specific T lymphocytes was observed for all experimental groups treated with lactobacilli administered via intragastric gavage and for the L. plantarum strain when administered intranasally. No probiotic was able to increase the number of virus-specific B cells in the spleen. In serum, a significant increase in total virus-specific IgG was obtained only with intranasal L. plantarum, while considering IgG1 and IgG2 individually, an increase was observed with L. plantarum for both routes of administration. In lung tissue, there was no significant increase in virus-specific IgA for any of the groups treated with probiotics compared to mice immunized but not supplemented with probiotics. Discussion and Conclusion L. plantarum demonstrates an interesting adjuvant effect on influenza vaccination, increasing the number of virus-specific splenic T lymphocytes but not systemic B cells. L. plantarum also promotes systemic humoral responses to influenza, but it does not enhance the related pulmonary mucosal antibody responses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102425