Pain is the leading reason for seeking medical care worldwide and represents a significant burden on healthcare and socioeconomic levels. Whether acute or chronic, moderate to severe pain significantly reduces people's quality of life and severely limits their work productivity, simultaneously increasing public healthcare costs. Although the first decade of the 2000s (often referred to as the "Decade of Pain") saw significant research efforts try to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pain syndromes and develop new treatments, pain largely remains inadequately treated. In particular, the need for new therapies that are both effective and safe has been further highlighted by the devastating effects of the so-called "Opioid Crisis" in the United States. In an effort to find effective and safer pharmacological alternatives to opioids, research has focused on new potential analgesic targets. Specifically, much attention has been paid to voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs or NaVs), given their fundamental role in the electrophysiology underlying pain transmission from the periphery to the center. Drugs whose mechanism of action relies on VGSC inhibition are already in use in multimodal analgesic therapy, however, their activity is not very selective towards the NaV isotypes expressed in the peripheral nervous system, and therefore they are characterized by potentially significant adverse effects. In recent years, many pharmaceutical companies have invested in the development of molecules capable of selectively binding the NaV isoforms involved in peripheral pain signal transmission (particularly NaV1.7 and NaV1.8), but so far the results have been unsatisfactory. Almost all candidates, while proving effective in preclinical studies, did not yield positive results in clinical trials, primarily due to the poor reproducibility of results between animal and human models. However, the scientific community's hopes were renewed on January 30, 2025, with the FDA approval of a new molecule, suzetrigine, under the trade name Journavx® (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.). This new drug, initially known as VX-548, is the first selective NaV1.8 sodium channel allosteric inhibitor indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain in humans. Suzetrigine has an efficacy profile non-inferior to that of opioids and is characterized by a high level of safety, determined by the absence of significant side effects. Although it was greeted with reactions divided between enthusiasm and skepticism, the approval of suzetrigine certainly represents a breakthrough in the pharmacological treatment of pain, as well as an interesting starting point for the development of innovative treatments in the future.
Il dolore è la principale motivazione al mondo per la quale si ricerca assistenza medica e rappresenta un vero e proprio fardello da un punto di vista socio-sanitario e socio-economico. Difatti, sia esso acuto o cronico, il dolore da moderato a severo riduce sensibilmente la qualità di vita delle persone e limita fortemente la loro produttività lavorativa, aumentando contestualmente le spese sanitarie pubbliche. Nonostante il primo decennio degli anni Duemila (denominato “la Decade del Dolore”) abbia portato la ricerca a profondere ingenti sforzi nella scoperta dei meccanismi fisiopatologici alla base delle sindromi dolorose e nello sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti, il dolore rimane sostanzialmente trattato in maniera inadeguata ed insoddisfacente. In particolare, la necessità di ottenere nuove terapie che possano dimostrarsi effiaci e al contempo sicure è stata oltremodo evidenziata dagli effetti devastanti della cosiddetta “Crisi degli Oppioidi” negli USA. Nel tentativo di trovare delle alternative farmacologiche valide e più sicure rispetto agli oppioidi, la ricerca si è focalizzata su nuovi potenziali bersagli analgesici. Nella fattispecie, molta attenzione è stata riposta nei canali del sodio voltaggio-dipendenti (VGSC o NaV), alla luce del loro ruolo fondamentale nell’elettrofisiologia alla base della trasmissione del dolore dalla perifieria al centro. Nella terapia analgesica multimodale sono già attualmente in uso farmaci il cui meccanimso di azione verte sull’inibizione dei VGSC, tuttavia la loro attività risulta poco selettiva nei confronti degli isotipi di NaV espressi a livello nervoso periferico, dunque sono caratterizzati da effetti avversi potenzialmente importanti. Negli ultimi anni, molte sono le aziende farmaceutiche ad avere investito nello sviluppo di molecole in grado di legare selettivamente le isoforme di NaV coinvolte nella trasmissione del segnale dolorifico periferico (in particolare NaV1.7 e NaV1.8), tuttavia i risultati sono stati finora insoddisfacenti. La quasi totalità dei candidati, pur dimostrandosi efficace negli studi preclinici, non ha dato esiti positivi nella sperimentazione clinica, principalmente a causa della scarsa riproducibilità dei risultati tra modelli animali ed umani. Tuttavia, a rinnovare le speranze della comunità scientifica è giunta, il 30 gennaio 2025, l’approvazione da parte della FDA di una nuova molecola, la suzetrigina, sotto il nome commerciale di Journavx® (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.). Questo nuovo farmaco, noto inzialmente come VX-548, rappresenta il primo inibitore allosterico selettivo dei canali del sodio NaV1.8, indicato per il trattamento del dolore acuto di intensità da moderata a severa nell’uomo. La suzetrigina presenta un profilo di efficacia non inferiore a quello degli oppioidi ed è caratterizzata da un’elevata sicurezza d’uso, determinata dall’assenza di effetti collaterali importanti. Sebbene sia stata accolta con reazioni divise tra entusiasmo e scetticismo, l’approvazione della suzetrigina rappresenta sicuramente una svolta nella terapia farmacologica del dolore, nonché un interessante spunto per lo sviluppo di trattamenti innovativi in futuro.
Suzetrigina: un nuovo farmaco analgesico non oppioide
TADIELLO, GABRIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Pain is the leading reason for seeking medical care worldwide and represents a significant burden on healthcare and socioeconomic levels. Whether acute or chronic, moderate to severe pain significantly reduces people's quality of life and severely limits their work productivity, simultaneously increasing public healthcare costs. Although the first decade of the 2000s (often referred to as the "Decade of Pain") saw significant research efforts try to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pain syndromes and develop new treatments, pain largely remains inadequately treated. In particular, the need for new therapies that are both effective and safe has been further highlighted by the devastating effects of the so-called "Opioid Crisis" in the United States. In an effort to find effective and safer pharmacological alternatives to opioids, research has focused on new potential analgesic targets. Specifically, much attention has been paid to voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs or NaVs), given their fundamental role in the electrophysiology underlying pain transmission from the periphery to the center. Drugs whose mechanism of action relies on VGSC inhibition are already in use in multimodal analgesic therapy, however, their activity is not very selective towards the NaV isotypes expressed in the peripheral nervous system, and therefore they are characterized by potentially significant adverse effects. In recent years, many pharmaceutical companies have invested in the development of molecules capable of selectively binding the NaV isoforms involved in peripheral pain signal transmission (particularly NaV1.7 and NaV1.8), but so far the results have been unsatisfactory. Almost all candidates, while proving effective in preclinical studies, did not yield positive results in clinical trials, primarily due to the poor reproducibility of results between animal and human models. However, the scientific community's hopes were renewed on January 30, 2025, with the FDA approval of a new molecule, suzetrigine, under the trade name Journavx® (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.). This new drug, initially known as VX-548, is the first selective NaV1.8 sodium channel allosteric inhibitor indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain in humans. Suzetrigine has an efficacy profile non-inferior to that of opioids and is characterized by a high level of safety, determined by the absence of significant side effects. Although it was greeted with reactions divided between enthusiasm and skepticism, the approval of suzetrigine certainly represents a breakthrough in the pharmacological treatment of pain, as well as an interesting starting point for the development of innovative treatments in the future.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102427