The endoplasmic reticulum membrane contains an enzyme known as human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (huFALDH). It requires NAD+ to detoxify long aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. The molecular weight of the homodimer huFALDH is approximately 104 kDa. Mutations in the ALDH3A2 gene, which codes for FALDH, lead to the autosomal recessive disorder known as Sjögren-Larsson-Syndrome (SLS). In this work, the impact of mutations of the amino acids at position 228 – assumed to lead to a disruption of the dimerization interface – and positions 237, 279 and 315 – most probably affecting protein folding – was analyzed. To do this, mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into a vector containing the N-terminally Strep-tagged huFALDH open reading frame without the C-terminal membrane anchor. The mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli) and purified using Strep-affinity purification. All five mutant variants could be expressed but two of them, carrying the amino acid residue exchanges C237Y and P315S, were highly unstable. A high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-assisted enzymatic test was used to assess the enzymatic activity of the wild-type and mutants and again, C237Y and P315S, had no detectable activity while the other three mutations, R228C, R228H and Y279N had at least a residual activity. As a last step, two small molecule compounds (ST001574 and ST024888), which had already been shown to be able to increase the wild-type activity, were tested to determine whether they could exert such a stabilizing, chaperone-like effect on the activity of two selected mutant proteins. In conclusion, this work paves the way for testing additional SLS-causing mutations in an in vitro setting and investigating the effect of potential small drug molecules on such mutated proteins.
La membrana del reticolo endoplasmatico contiene un enzima noto come aldeide deidrogenasi grassa umana (huFALDH). Richiede NAD+ per disintossicare le aldeidi alifatiche lunghe in acidi grassi. Il peso molecolare dell'omodimero huFALDH è di circa 104 kDa. Le mutazioni nel gene ALDH3A2, che codifica per FALDH, portano alla malattia autosomica recessiva nota come sindrome di Sjögren-Larsson (SLS). In questo lavoro è stato analizzato l'impatto delle mutazioni degli amminoacidi in posizione 228 - che si presume portino a un'interruzione dell’interfaccia di dimerizzazione - e in posizione 237, 279 e 315 - che molto probabilmente influiscono sul ripiegamento delle proteine. A tal fine, sono state introdotte mutazioni mediante mutagenesi sito-specifica in un vettore contenente il Strep-tagged huFALDH open reading frame senza l'ancora di membrana C- terminale. Le proteine mutanti sono state espresse in Escherichia coli (E. coli) e purificate utilizzando la purificazione per affinità Strep. Tutte e cinque le varianti mutanti potevano essere espresse, ma due di esse, che presentavano le sostituzioni aminoacidiche C237Y e P315S, erano altamente instabili. È stato utilizzato un test enzimatico assistito da cromatografia liquida ad alta pressione (HPLC) per valutare l'attività enzimatica del tipo wild-type e dei mutanti e, ancora una volta, C237Y e P315S non hanno mostrato alcuna attività rilevabile, mentre le altre tre mutazioni, R228C, R228H e Y279N, hanno mostrato almeno un'attività residua. Come ultimo passo, sono stati testati due composti molecolari di piccole dimensioni (ST001574 e ST024888), che avevano già dimostrato di essere in grado di aumentare l'attività del tipo wild- type, per determinare se potessero esercitare un effetto stabilizzante simile a quello delle chaperone sull'attività di due proteine mutanti selezionate. In conclusione, questo lavoro apre la strada alla verifica di ulteriori mutazioni che causano la SLS in un contesto in vitro e allo studio dell'effetto di potenziali piccole molecole farmacologiche su tali proteine mutate.
Engineering and Characterization of FALDH
ALFONSI, ERICA
2024/2025
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum membrane contains an enzyme known as human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (huFALDH). It requires NAD+ to detoxify long aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. The molecular weight of the homodimer huFALDH is approximately 104 kDa. Mutations in the ALDH3A2 gene, which codes for FALDH, lead to the autosomal recessive disorder known as Sjögren-Larsson-Syndrome (SLS). In this work, the impact of mutations of the amino acids at position 228 – assumed to lead to a disruption of the dimerization interface – and positions 237, 279 and 315 – most probably affecting protein folding – was analyzed. To do this, mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into a vector containing the N-terminally Strep-tagged huFALDH open reading frame without the C-terminal membrane anchor. The mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli) and purified using Strep-affinity purification. All five mutant variants could be expressed but two of them, carrying the amino acid residue exchanges C237Y and P315S, were highly unstable. A high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-assisted enzymatic test was used to assess the enzymatic activity of the wild-type and mutants and again, C237Y and P315S, had no detectable activity while the other three mutations, R228C, R228H and Y279N had at least a residual activity. As a last step, two small molecule compounds (ST001574 and ST024888), which had already been shown to be able to increase the wild-type activity, were tested to determine whether they could exert such a stabilizing, chaperone-like effect on the activity of two selected mutant proteins. In conclusion, this work paves the way for testing additional SLS-causing mutations in an in vitro setting and investigating the effect of potential small drug molecules on such mutated proteins.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102644