High-fat diet (HFD)–induced obesity has emerged as a major global metabolic health issue in the Western world during the 21st century, driven by dysregulated adipogenesis, chronic low-grade inflammation and associated to systemic metabolic dysfunction. Recent studies have identified TIS7 (IFRD1) and its orthologue SKMc15 (IFRD2) as key regulators of adipocyte differentiation and systemic lipid storage (The negative adipogenesis regulator Dlk1 is transcriptionally regulated by Ifrd1 (TIS7) and translationally by its orthologue Ifrd2 (SKMc15) | eLife). Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both genes displayed markedly reduced adipose tissue mass, resistance to HFD-induced obesity, and altered intestinal lipid absorption. Affymetrix analysis of multiple tissues of these mice implicated interferon-activated gene IFI202b, a potent promoter of white adipogenesis and lipid accumulation to be dysregulated in TIS7 SKMc15 dKO mice (Stadion, M et al. (2018) Increased Ifi202b/IFI16 expression stimulates adipogenesis in mice and humans). It is known from the literature, that overexpression of IFI202b in mice induces hypertrophic expansion of white adipose tissue and promotes insulin resistance. IFI202b is functionally linked to AIM2, a protein that assembles the inflammasome, connecting adipose tissue inflammation to metabolic dysfunction (Zhang, Y. et al. The Role of the AIM2 Gene in Obesity-Related Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Disorders: A Recent Update; Gong, Z. et al. (2019). Deficiency in AIM2 induces inflammation and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue leading to obesity and insulin resistance). In this thesis, the relationship between IFI202b and AIM2 proteins was investigated in cells and tissues isolated from TIS7 SKMc15 dKO mice. Their regulation was observed not only in proliferating MEFs, but also during MEF differentiation, in stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) and in adipose tissues isolated from control and dKO mice. Additionally, roles of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and interferon-β (IFN-β) on their regulation were examined too. A novel conditional SKMc15 knockout model, in which intestinal gene deletion was mediated by Villin-Cre expression would provide a valuable tool for accurate characterization of TIS7 and SKMc15 roles’ in fat uptake in the small intestines. Characterisation of the novel mouse model represented a substantial part of this thesis. Novel findings presented in this thesis were: IFI202 is not expressed in dKO mice; Aim2 is significantly increased in these; TIS7 overexpression leads to up-regulation of SKMc15 gene expression, and only TIS7 is functionally associated with IFN-β signaling. These novel data represent important findings for further characterization of TIS7 and SKMc15 roles’ in adipogenesis and obesity research.
L'obesità indotta da una dieta ricca di grassi (HFD) è emersa come un grave problema globale di salute metabolica nel mondo occidentale durante il XXI secolo, causata da un'adipogenesi disregolata, da un'infiammazione cronica di basso grado e da una disfunzione metabolica sistemica associata. Studi recenti hanno identificato TIS7 (IFRD1) e il suo ortologo SKMc15 (IFRD2) come regolatori chiave della differenziazione degli adipociti e dell'accumulo sistemico di lipidi (The negative adipogenesis regulator Dlk1 is transcriptionally regulated by Ifrd1 (TIS7) and translationally by its orthologue Ifrd2 (SKMc15) | eLife). I topi con doppio knockout (dKO), privi di entrambi i geni, hanno mostrato una massa di tessuto adiposo significativamente ridotta, resistenza all'obesità indotta da HFD e un assorbimento intestinale dei lipidi alterato. L'analisi Affymetrix di diversi tessuti di questi topi ha implicato il gene attivato dagli interferoni IFI202b, un potente promotore dell'adipogenesi bianca e dell'accumulo lipidico, come disregolato nei topi dKO TIS7 SKMc15 (Stadion, M et al. (2018) Increased Ifi202b/IFI16 expression stimulates adipogenesis in mice and humans). È noto dalla letteratura che la sovraespressione di IFI202b nei topi induce un'espansione ipertrofica del tessuto adiposo bianco e promuove la resistenza all'insulina. IFI202b è funzionalmente collegato ad AIM2, una proteina che assembla l'inflammasoma, collegando l'infiammazione del tessuto adiposo alla disfunzione metabolica (Zhang, Y. et al. The Role of the AIM2 Gene in Obesity-Related Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Disorders: A Recent Update; Gong, Z. et al. (2019). Deficiency in AIM2 induces inflammation and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue leading to obesity and insulin resistance). In questa tesi è stata studiata la relazione tra le proteine IFI202b e AIM2 in cellule e tessuti isolati da topi dKO TIS7 SKMc15. La loro regolazione è stata osservata non solo nei fibroblasti embrionali murini (MEFs) proliferanti, ma anche durante la loro differenziazione, nelle cellule della frazione vascolare stromale (SVFs) e nei tessuti adiposi isolati da topi di controllo e dKO. Inoltre, sono stati esaminati anche i ruoli del DNA a doppio filamento citosolico (dsDNA) e dell'interferone-β (IFN-β) nella loro regolazione. Un nuovo modello di knockout condizionale di SKMc15, in cui la delezione genica intestinale è mediata dall'espressione di Villin-Cre, fornirebbe uno strumento prezioso per una caratterizzazione accurata dei ruoli di TIS7 e SKMc15 nell'assorbimento dei grassi nell'intestino tenue. La caratterizzazione di questo nuovo modello murino ha rappresentato una parte sostanziale della tesi. I risultati innovativi presentati in questa tesi sono: IFI202 non è espresso nei topi dKO; AIM2 è significativamente aumentato in questi; la sovraespressione di TIS7 porta all'aumento dell'espressione genica di SKMc15; e solo TIS7 è funzionalmente associato al segnalamento dell'IFN-β. Questi nuovi dati rappresentano scoperte importanti per una futura caratterizzazione dei ruoli di TIS7 e SKMc15 nell'adipogenesi e nella ricerca sull'obesità.
Characterization of small intestine in a novel IFRD2 knock-out mouse model
MASSIMINO, MARCO
2024/2025
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)–induced obesity has emerged as a major global metabolic health issue in the Western world during the 21st century, driven by dysregulated adipogenesis, chronic low-grade inflammation and associated to systemic metabolic dysfunction. Recent studies have identified TIS7 (IFRD1) and its orthologue SKMc15 (IFRD2) as key regulators of adipocyte differentiation and systemic lipid storage (The negative adipogenesis regulator Dlk1 is transcriptionally regulated by Ifrd1 (TIS7) and translationally by its orthologue Ifrd2 (SKMc15) | eLife). Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both genes displayed markedly reduced adipose tissue mass, resistance to HFD-induced obesity, and altered intestinal lipid absorption. Affymetrix analysis of multiple tissues of these mice implicated interferon-activated gene IFI202b, a potent promoter of white adipogenesis and lipid accumulation to be dysregulated in TIS7 SKMc15 dKO mice (Stadion, M et al. (2018) Increased Ifi202b/IFI16 expression stimulates adipogenesis in mice and humans). It is known from the literature, that overexpression of IFI202b in mice induces hypertrophic expansion of white adipose tissue and promotes insulin resistance. IFI202b is functionally linked to AIM2, a protein that assembles the inflammasome, connecting adipose tissue inflammation to metabolic dysfunction (Zhang, Y. et al. The Role of the AIM2 Gene in Obesity-Related Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Disorders: A Recent Update; Gong, Z. et al. (2019). Deficiency in AIM2 induces inflammation and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue leading to obesity and insulin resistance). In this thesis, the relationship between IFI202b and AIM2 proteins was investigated in cells and tissues isolated from TIS7 SKMc15 dKO mice. Their regulation was observed not only in proliferating MEFs, but also during MEF differentiation, in stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) and in adipose tissues isolated from control and dKO mice. Additionally, roles of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and interferon-β (IFN-β) on their regulation were examined too. A novel conditional SKMc15 knockout model, in which intestinal gene deletion was mediated by Villin-Cre expression would provide a valuable tool for accurate characterization of TIS7 and SKMc15 roles’ in fat uptake in the small intestines. Characterisation of the novel mouse model represented a substantial part of this thesis. Novel findings presented in this thesis were: IFI202 is not expressed in dKO mice; Aim2 is significantly increased in these; TIS7 overexpression leads to up-regulation of SKMc15 gene expression, and only TIS7 is functionally associated with IFN-β signaling. These novel data represent important findings for further characterization of TIS7 and SKMc15 roles’ in adipogenesis and obesity research.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102646