Background: Neuromuscular disorders are diseases caused by the progressive degeneration of neurons and involve sensory, cognitive, motor and respiratory dysfunction, leading to death. The most common problems are respiratory, which in the long term lead to the need for a tracheostomy to improve and compensate for respiratory exchange. In addition, various manual and mechanical techniques can be used to improve respiratory clearance. Purpose: The aim of this literature review is to provide further information on the management and effectiveness of bronchial clearance devices, with a focus on the functioning and usefulness of the cough machine (MI-E). Materials and methods: Articles in the MEDLINE electronic databases were consulted via the PubMed and Google Scholar interfaces and in printed literature. The PICO method was used to create search strings and search by keywords. Results and discussion: Analysis of the literature shows that although no clearance technique has been shown to be superior, and that the choice must be personalised based on availability, coordination between techniques and preferences, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) is particularly effective in patients with respiratory muscle weakness and impaired cough. Its use must be tailored to prevent complications and ensure effective coughing. It is essential to adequately train patients and caregivers for correct home use. Early intervention is crucial in improving quality of life. Conclusion: To ensure the best comfort for the patient and to reduce the risk of error by the carer or healthcare personnel who are not up to date, it is necessary to validate and follow guidelines regarding the use of the cough machine (MI-E). The latter should provide a clear and simple explanation of the various steps and maintenance of the device after use. In addition, it should provide a standard of recommended values, indicating the maximum and minimum operating levels. Keywords: Neuromuscular diseases, neuromuscular disorders, airway management, airway clearance techniques, cough assist, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation machine, nursing, caregiver, home care.
Background: Le patologie neuromuscolari sono malattie dovute alla degenerazione progressiva dei neuroni e comportano disfunzioni sensoriali, cognitive, motorie e respiratorie, fino alla morte. Le problematiche più comuni sono quelle respiratorie che portano a lungo andare alla necessità di effettuare una tracheostomia per migliorare e compensare gli scambi respiratori. Inoltre, per migliorare la clearance respiratoria si possono utilizzare diverse tecniche di disostruzione, sia manuali che meccaniche. Scopo: L’obiettivo di questa revisione di letteratura è quello di far emergere ulteriori informazioni per quanto riguarda la gestione e l’efficacia dei dispositivi di disostruzione bronchiale con un focus sul funzionamento e l’utilità della macchina della tosse (MI-E). Materiali e metodi: Per la stesura dell’elaborato sono stati consultati articoli presenti in banche dati elettroniche MEDLINE attraverso l’interfaccia PubMed e Google Scholar e presso letteratura cartacea. Per la creazione delle stringhe di ricerca e per la ricerca mediante parole chiave è stato utilizzato il metodo PICO. Risultati e discussione: Dall’analisi della letteratura emerge che nonostante nessuna tecnica di clearance si sia dimostrata superiore, e che la scelta deve essere personalizzata in base a disponibilità, coordinamento tra tecniche e preferenze, l’insufflazione-esufflazione meccanica (MI-E) è particolarmente efficace nei pazienti con debolezza muscolare respiratoria e tosse compromessa. Il suo impiego deve essere adattato in modo personalizzato per prevenire complicazioni e garantire una tosse efficace. È essenziale formare adeguatamente pazienti e caregiver per un corretto uso domiciliare. L’intervento precoce è determinante nel migliorare la qualità della vita. Conclusione: Per garantire al paziente il miglior comfort e per ridurre il rischio di errore da parte del caregiver, o del personale sanitario non aggiornato, è necessario validare e seguire una linea guida per quanto riguarda l’utilizzo della macchina della tosse (MI-E). Quest’ultima dovrebbe garantire una spiegazione chiara e semplice dei vari passaggi, della manutenzione del dispositivo dopo l’uso. Inoltre, dovrebbe garantire uno standard di valori suggeriti indicando i massimi e minimi di funzionamento. Parole chiave: Neuromuscular diseases, neuromuscular disorders, airway management, airway clearance techniques, cough assist, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation machine, nursing, caregiver, home care.
Patologie neuromuscolari: disostruzione bronchiale e gestione espettorato nel paziente tracheostomizzato
GIACOMAZZO, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Neuromuscular disorders are diseases caused by the progressive degeneration of neurons and involve sensory, cognitive, motor and respiratory dysfunction, leading to death. The most common problems are respiratory, which in the long term lead to the need for a tracheostomy to improve and compensate for respiratory exchange. In addition, various manual and mechanical techniques can be used to improve respiratory clearance. Purpose: The aim of this literature review is to provide further information on the management and effectiveness of bronchial clearance devices, with a focus on the functioning and usefulness of the cough machine (MI-E). Materials and methods: Articles in the MEDLINE electronic databases were consulted via the PubMed and Google Scholar interfaces and in printed literature. The PICO method was used to create search strings and search by keywords. Results and discussion: Analysis of the literature shows that although no clearance technique has been shown to be superior, and that the choice must be personalised based on availability, coordination between techniques and preferences, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) is particularly effective in patients with respiratory muscle weakness and impaired cough. Its use must be tailored to prevent complications and ensure effective coughing. It is essential to adequately train patients and caregivers for correct home use. Early intervention is crucial in improving quality of life. Conclusion: To ensure the best comfort for the patient and to reduce the risk of error by the carer or healthcare personnel who are not up to date, it is necessary to validate and follow guidelines regarding the use of the cough machine (MI-E). The latter should provide a clear and simple explanation of the various steps and maintenance of the device after use. In addition, it should provide a standard of recommended values, indicating the maximum and minimum operating levels. Keywords: Neuromuscular diseases, neuromuscular disorders, airway management, airway clearance techniques, cough assist, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation machine, nursing, caregiver, home care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102735