Background: the management of acute psychiatric crises represents a critical knot in healthcare systems, as it is still predominantly handled through a pathway leading to the general Emergency Department (ED). This standard model presents significant challenges: the ED environment is inadequate for psychic suffering, and the experience is often perceived as traumatic and stigmatizing by users and families. This highlights the need to systematically investigate the existence and characteristics of alternative community-based intervention models. Objective: this paper aims to analyze community and home-based intervention models for the management of acute psychiatric crises through a mixed-methods systematic review. The investigation seeks to: map the operational characteristics of existing models; synthesize quantitative evidence on their effectiveness; and synthesize qualitative evidence on the lived experience of patients, families, and professionals. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO), guided by the PICO method. The selection process, documented with a PRISMA diagram, led to the inclusion of 25 primary studies. Given the heterogeneity of the sources, a narrative synthesis was performed, evaluating the quality of evidence using the GRADE and GRADE-CERQual methodologies. Results: Four intervention archetypes were identified: Co-Response Teams (mental health and police), Mobile Crisis Teams (MCTs) (clinically led), Community Mental Health Centre (CMHC) Crisis Teams, and stationary models. The quantitative evidence, although with a low degree of certainty, indicates that these models are effective in resolving the crisis in the community, reducing ED admissions, hospitalizations (including compulsory ones), and interactions with the criminal justice system. Qualitative analyses highlight how patients and families desire an intervention based on dignity and human connection, contrasting with the negative ED experience. Discussion: the results confirm the existence of an international movement towards alternatives to the hospital-centric model. The presence of specialized clinical skills on the scene transforms a public order emergency into a care opportunity. Community-based models respond to the need for a more humane and relational intervention, proving to be not only more efficient but also ethically and clinically more appropriate. The implementation of these models requires targeted investment in the development of advanced nursing skills and the creation of an ecosystem of integrated responses in the community.
Background: la gestione della crisi psichiatrica acuta rappresenta un nodo critico dei sistemi sanitari, essendo ancora prevalentemente affidata a un percorso che conduce al Pronto Soccorso (PS) generalista. Tale modello standard presenta significative criticità: l'ambiente del PS è inadeguato alla sofferenza psichica e l'esperienza è spesso vissuta in modo traumatico e stigmatizzante da utenti e familiari. Da qui nasce l'esigenza di indagare sistematicamente l'esistenza e le caratteristiche di modelli di intervento alternativi basati sul territorio. Obiettivo: il presente elaborato si propone di analizzare i modelli di intervento territoriale e domiciliare per la gestione della crisi psichiatrica acuta attraverso una mixed-methods systematic review. L'indagine mira a: mappare le caratteristiche operative dei modelli esistenti; sintetizzare le evidenze quantitative sulla loro efficacia; sintetizzare le evidenze qualitative sull'esperienza vissuta da pazienti, familiari e operatori. Materiali e metodi: è stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO), guidata dal metodo PICO. Il processo di selezione, documentato con diagramma PRISMA, ha portato all'inclusione di 25 studi primari. Data l'eterogeneità delle fonti, si è proceduto con una sintesi narrativa, valutando la qualità delle prove con le metodologie GRADE e GRADE-CERQual. Risultati: sono stati identificati quattro archetipi di intervento: Team di Co-risposta (salute mentale e polizia), Mobile Crisis Teams (MCTs) (a guida clinica), Team di Crisi del Centro di Salute Mentale (CSM) e modelli stazionari. Le evidenze quantitative, pur con un grado di certezza basso, indicano che questi modelli sono efficaci nel risolvere la crisi sul territorio, riducendo accessi al PS, ricoveri (inclusi quelli obbligatori) e interazioni con il sistema penale. Le analisi qualitative evidenziano come pazienti e familiari desiderino un intervento basato su dignità e connessione umana, in contrasto con l'esperienza negativa del PS. Discussione: i risultati confermano l'esistenza di un movimento internazionale verso alternative al modello ospedalocentrico. La presenza di competenze cliniche specialistiche sulla scena trasforma un'emergenza di ordine pubblico in un'opportunità di cura. I modelli territoriali rispondono al bisogno di un intervento più umano e relazionale, configurandosi non solo come più efficienti, ma anche eticamente e clinicamente più appropriati. L'implementazione di tali modelli richiede un investimento mirato nello sviluppo di competenze infermieristiche avanzate e nella creazione di un ecosistema di risposte integrate nel territorio.
Alternative al trattamento ospedaliero delle emergenze psichiatriche: una revisione dei modelli di intervento territoriale
MATTA, INES
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: the management of acute psychiatric crises represents a critical knot in healthcare systems, as it is still predominantly handled through a pathway leading to the general Emergency Department (ED). This standard model presents significant challenges: the ED environment is inadequate for psychic suffering, and the experience is often perceived as traumatic and stigmatizing by users and families. This highlights the need to systematically investigate the existence and characteristics of alternative community-based intervention models. Objective: this paper aims to analyze community and home-based intervention models for the management of acute psychiatric crises through a mixed-methods systematic review. The investigation seeks to: map the operational characteristics of existing models; synthesize quantitative evidence on their effectiveness; and synthesize qualitative evidence on the lived experience of patients, families, and professionals. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO), guided by the PICO method. The selection process, documented with a PRISMA diagram, led to the inclusion of 25 primary studies. Given the heterogeneity of the sources, a narrative synthesis was performed, evaluating the quality of evidence using the GRADE and GRADE-CERQual methodologies. Results: Four intervention archetypes were identified: Co-Response Teams (mental health and police), Mobile Crisis Teams (MCTs) (clinically led), Community Mental Health Centre (CMHC) Crisis Teams, and stationary models. The quantitative evidence, although with a low degree of certainty, indicates that these models are effective in resolving the crisis in the community, reducing ED admissions, hospitalizations (including compulsory ones), and interactions with the criminal justice system. Qualitative analyses highlight how patients and families desire an intervention based on dignity and human connection, contrasting with the negative ED experience. Discussion: the results confirm the existence of an international movement towards alternatives to the hospital-centric model. The presence of specialized clinical skills on the scene transforms a public order emergency into a care opportunity. Community-based models respond to the need for a more humane and relational intervention, proving to be not only more efficient but also ethically and clinically more appropriate. The implementation of these models requires targeted investment in the development of advanced nursing skills and the creation of an ecosystem of integrated responses in the community.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102743