Background The introduction of immunotherapy in oncology has changed the prognosis of many solid tumors, but its effectiveness is accompanied by the onset of immune-related adverse events, often unpredictable and potentially severe. The early management of such toxicities represents a crucial challenge for healthcare professionals and requires innovative care models. In this context, nurse-led telephone triage becomes a strategic tool to monitor symptoms at home and promptly guide oncology patients undergoing immunotherapy. Materials and Methods The aim of this work is to summarize the available evidence on the role of nurse-led telephone triage in the integrated management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, analyzing its impact on clinical outcomes. A literature review was conducted using international databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, and JCOPO) as well as articles selected from the ASCO JCOPO journal. Additional scientific and educational materials were consulted, including the Code of Ethics for Nurses (FNOPI 2019), AIOM and AIRC resources, IFOM and OTA websites, and the press conference “The numbers of cancer in Italy 2024.” Results The findings highlight how nurse-led telephone triage helps improve access to oncological care, reduce unplanned hospitalizations, and promote self-management of immunotherapy-related symptoms by patients and caregivers. Positive effects were observed, such as better perception of nursing care quality, cost reduction, and greater sustainability of the healthcare system. However, several limitations and challenges were identified, including the difficulty for nurses to promptly recognize adverse events without the patient being present, the level of staff training, triage waiting times, linguistic and cultural barriers, and limited access to the service. Moreover, excessive workload and overly rigid training may reduce the quality of communication and the patient–nurse relationship, thus compromising the effectiveness of care. Discussion and Conclusion Nurse-led telephone triage has proven effective in managing immunotherapy toxicities, reducing inappropriate emergency department visits, preventing unplanned hospital admissions, and improving patient safety and quality of life. Nurses play a key role by educating patients and caregivers to monitor toxicities and by promoting self-management of immunotherapy-related symptoms. Telephone triage and digital tools also contribute to improving healthcare system efficiency. Despite promising results, aspects such as workload, continuous training, and long-term outcomes still need further exploration. The consolidation of shared protocols and validated tools could make telephone triage an innovative and sustainable resource in modern oncology. Key words: telephone triage, nursing, immunotherapy, adverse-events, toxicity
Introduzione L’introduzione dell’immunoterapia in oncologia ha modificato la prognosi di molte neoplasie solide, ma la sua efficacia è accompagnata dall’insorgenza di eventi avversi immuno-correlati, spesso imprevedibili e potenzialmente gravi. La gestione precoce di tali tossicità rappresenta una sfida per i professionisti sanitari e richiede modelli assistenziali innovativi. In questo contesto, il triage telefonico infermieristico può rappresentare uno strumento strategico per monitorare a domicilio i sintomi e orientare tempestivamente i pazienti oncologici in trattamento con l’immunoterapia. Materiali e metodi L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è sintetizzare le evidenze disponibili sul ruolo del triage telefonico infermieristico nella gestione integrata delle tossicità da immunoterapia, analizzando il suo impatto sugli esiti clinici. È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura mediante banche dati internazionali (PubMed, Cinhal, Science Direc) e articoli selezionati dalla rivista ASCO JCOPO. Sono stati consultati materiali scientifici e divulgativi, tra cui il Codice Deontologico dell’infermiere (FNOPI 2019), AIOM e AIRC, siti di IFOM e OTA e seguito la conferenza stampa “I numeri del cancro in Italia 2024”. Risultati I risultati evidenziano come il triage telefonico infermieristico contribuisca a migliorare l’accessibilità alle cure oncologiche, ridurre le ospedalizzazioni non programmate e favorire l’autogestione dei sintomi immuno-relati da parte di pazienti e caregiver. Si osservano effetti positivi, come una migliore percezione della qualità dell’assistenza infermieristica, una riduzione dei costi e una maggiore sostenibilità del sistema sanitario. Tuttavia, sono stati individuati alcuni limiti e criticità, tra cui la difficoltà per l’infermiere di riconoscere precocemente gli eventi avversi senza la presenza fisica del paziente, i tempi di attesa al triage, le barriere linguistiche e culturali e la limitata accessibilità al servizio. Inoltre, l’eccessivo carico di lavoro e una formazione troppo rigida possono ridurre la qualità della comunicazione e della relazione con il paziente, compromettendo l’efficacia dell’assistenza. Discussione e conclusione Il triage telefonico infermieristico si è dimostrato efficace nella gestione delle tossicità da immunoterapia, riducendo accessi impropri al pronto soccorso, prevenendo ricoveri non programmati e migliorando la sicurezza e la qualità di vita di pazienti. L’infermiere svolge un ruolo chiave, educa i pazienti e caregiver a monitorare le tossicità e promuove l’autogestione dei sintomi da trattamento immunologico e il triage telefonico e gli strumenti digitali contribuiscono a migliorare l’efficienza del sistema sanitario. Nonostante i risultati promettenti, rimangono da approfondire aspetti legati alla rimodulazione del carico di lavoro, le modalità di formazione continua e gli esiti a lungo termine dei percorsi di triage telefonico infermieristico. Il consolidamento di protocolli condivisi e strumenti validati potrà rendere il triage telefonico una risorsa innovativa e sostenibile nell’oncologia moderna. Parole chiave: triage telefonico, infermieristica, immunoterapia, eventi avversi, tossicità Key words: telephone triage, nursing, immunotherapy, adverse-events, toxicity
Triage telefonico infermieristico in oncologia: il ruolo nella gestione integrata delle tossicità da immunoterapia.
PERON, GENNY
2024/2025
Abstract
Background The introduction of immunotherapy in oncology has changed the prognosis of many solid tumors, but its effectiveness is accompanied by the onset of immune-related adverse events, often unpredictable and potentially severe. The early management of such toxicities represents a crucial challenge for healthcare professionals and requires innovative care models. In this context, nurse-led telephone triage becomes a strategic tool to monitor symptoms at home and promptly guide oncology patients undergoing immunotherapy. Materials and Methods The aim of this work is to summarize the available evidence on the role of nurse-led telephone triage in the integrated management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, analyzing its impact on clinical outcomes. A literature review was conducted using international databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, and JCOPO) as well as articles selected from the ASCO JCOPO journal. Additional scientific and educational materials were consulted, including the Code of Ethics for Nurses (FNOPI 2019), AIOM and AIRC resources, IFOM and OTA websites, and the press conference “The numbers of cancer in Italy 2024.” Results The findings highlight how nurse-led telephone triage helps improve access to oncological care, reduce unplanned hospitalizations, and promote self-management of immunotherapy-related symptoms by patients and caregivers. Positive effects were observed, such as better perception of nursing care quality, cost reduction, and greater sustainability of the healthcare system. However, several limitations and challenges were identified, including the difficulty for nurses to promptly recognize adverse events without the patient being present, the level of staff training, triage waiting times, linguistic and cultural barriers, and limited access to the service. Moreover, excessive workload and overly rigid training may reduce the quality of communication and the patient–nurse relationship, thus compromising the effectiveness of care. Discussion and Conclusion Nurse-led telephone triage has proven effective in managing immunotherapy toxicities, reducing inappropriate emergency department visits, preventing unplanned hospital admissions, and improving patient safety and quality of life. Nurses play a key role by educating patients and caregivers to monitor toxicities and by promoting self-management of immunotherapy-related symptoms. Telephone triage and digital tools also contribute to improving healthcare system efficiency. Despite promising results, aspects such as workload, continuous training, and long-term outcomes still need further exploration. The consolidation of shared protocols and validated tools could make telephone triage an innovative and sustainable resource in modern oncology. Key words: telephone triage, nursing, immunotherapy, adverse-events, toxicity| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102746