Introduction: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is an advanced wound management system that, through the controlled application of subatmospheric pressure, accelerates the healing process by reducing wound size, stimulating granulation tissue formation, controlling exudate, and improving tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The therapy has contraindications and may cause associated complications that should be considered. It is widely used for the treatment of various types of wounds, including surgical wounds, particularly deep sternal wound infection (DSWI), dehiscence, mediastinitis, and hematoma: complications that can prolong hospitalization and increase morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to evaluate the effectiveness of NPWT in the treatment of sternal wounds compared to standard therapy, with particular attention to healing times, hospital stay, incidence of complications, mortality, and the overall impact on clinical outcomes. It also aims to identify information to provide to professionals to optimize treatment management. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. Three questions were formulated, a search string was defined using the PICO methodology, and databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cinahl were searched. Studies with a time frame of 5 years (2020-2025) on adult patients (over 18 years of age) were selected, published exclusively in English and Italian, and included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and clinical trials. Results: The search identified and selected 14 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including eleven prospective and/or retrospective reviews and three systematic reviews/meta-analyses. The collected data indicate that NPWT is a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of sternal wounds, demonstrating a high success rate in healing, reducing mortality and hospitalization times, managing complications, and preparing and managing the wound for definitive surgical closure. Conclusions: This literature review highlights the potential of NPWT in the management of post-sternotomy sternal wounds, demonstrating its superiority over conventional dressings. NPWT application accelerates granulation tissue formation, reduces wound volume, and effectively manages exudate, contributing to faster healing. Furthermore, the therapy has proven beneficial in reducing the incidence of serious complications such as infection, dehiscence, and mediastinitis. Despite its efficacy, uncertainties remain regarding the incidence of minor adverse events and associated costs. Furthermore, little research is available regarding nursing management of the patient and the device during treatment, with a clear need for further study to raise awareness among professionals about monitoring and promptly reporting signs and symptoms of discomfort, pain, or related major complications. In summary, NPWT remains an effective and beneficial treatment option for the management of sternal wounds, particularly for deep infections, improving clinical outcomes and reducing the need for further invasive interventions.
Introduzione: La Terapia a Pressione Negativa (NPWT) è un sistema di gestione avanzato delle ferite, che, attraverso l'applicazione controllata di una pressione al di sotto di quella atmosferica, accelera il processo di guarigione riducendo le dimensioni della ferita, stimolando la formazione di tessuto di granulazione, controllando l'essudato e migliorando la perfusione e l'ossigenazione dei tessuti; la terapia ha delle controindicazioni e può avere delle complicanze associate da considerare. Viene ampiamente utilizzata per il trattamento di diverse tipologie di lesioni, inclusa la ferita chirurgica, e in modo particolare l'infezione profonda della ferita sternale (DSWI), deiscenza, mediastinite, ematoma: complicanze che possono prolungare i tempi di ospedalizzazione e aumentare la morbilità e la mortalità. Obiettivo: L'obiettivo di questa revisione della letteratura è valutare l'efficacia della NPWT nel trattamento delle ferite sternali rispetto alla terapia standard, con particolare attenzione ai tempi di guarigione, degenza ospedaliera, l’incidenza di complicanze, mortalità e all'impatto complessivo sugli esiti clinici e rilevare informazioni da fornire ai professionisti per favorire un’ottimizzazione della gestione del trattamento. Metodi: È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura seguendo il metodo PRISMA. Sono stati formulati tre quesiti, definita una stringa di ricerca attraverso la metodologia PICO e consultate le banche dati come PubMed, Scopus e Cinahl. Sono stati selezionati studi con un intervallo temporale di 5 anni (2020-2025), su pazienti adulti (maggiorenni), pubblicati esclusivamente in lingua inglese e italiana, che includono revisioni sistematiche, metanalisi, studi randomizzati controllati (RCT) e studi clinici. Risultati: La ricerca ha permesso di identificare e selezionare 14 articoli che rispondevano ai criteri di inclusione ed esclusione, di cui undici revisioni di tipo prospettico e/o retrospettivo e tre revisioni sistematiche/meta-analisi. I dati raccolti indicano che la NPWT è una valida opzione terapeutica per il trattamento delle ferite sternali, mostrando un'elevata percentuale di successo nella guarigione, nella riduzione della mortalità e dei tempi di ospedalizzazione, nella gestione delle complicanze e nella preparazione e gestione della ferita per una chiusura chirurgica definitiva. Conclusioni: Questa revisione della letteratura evidenzia il potenziale della NPWT nella gestione delle ferite sternali post-sternotomia, dimostrando una superiorità rispetto alle medicazioni convenzionali. L'applicazione della NPWT accelera la formazione di tessuto di granulazione, riduce il volume della ferita e gestisce in modo efficace l'essudato, contribuendo a una guarigione più rapida. Inoltre, la terapia si è dimostrata utile nel ridurre l'incidenza di complicanze gravi come l’infezione, deiscenza e mediastinite. Nonostante l'efficacia, permangono incertezze riguardo l'incidenza di eventi avversi minori e dei costi associati. Inoltre, poco approfondito risulta essere l'aspetto relativo alla gestione infermieristica del paziente e del dispositivo in sede di trattamento, con rilevata necessità di approfondire questa tematica per sensibilizzare i professionisti al monitoraggio e alla pronta segnalazione di segni e sintomi di disconfort, dolore o complicanze maggiori ad esso correlate. In sintesi, la NPWT si conferma una scelta terapeutica efficace e vantaggiosa per la gestione delle ferite sternali, in particolare per le infezioni profonde, migliorando gli esiti clinici e riducendo la necessità di ulteriori interventi invasivi.
L'applicazione della terapia a pressione negativa nella gestione della ferita sternotomica e delle complicanze in cardiochirurgia: una revisione della letteratura
ROMANO, VINCENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is an advanced wound management system that, through the controlled application of subatmospheric pressure, accelerates the healing process by reducing wound size, stimulating granulation tissue formation, controlling exudate, and improving tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The therapy has contraindications and may cause associated complications that should be considered. It is widely used for the treatment of various types of wounds, including surgical wounds, particularly deep sternal wound infection (DSWI), dehiscence, mediastinitis, and hematoma: complications that can prolong hospitalization and increase morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to evaluate the effectiveness of NPWT in the treatment of sternal wounds compared to standard therapy, with particular attention to healing times, hospital stay, incidence of complications, mortality, and the overall impact on clinical outcomes. It also aims to identify information to provide to professionals to optimize treatment management. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. Three questions were formulated, a search string was defined using the PICO methodology, and databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cinahl were searched. Studies with a time frame of 5 years (2020-2025) on adult patients (over 18 years of age) were selected, published exclusively in English and Italian, and included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and clinical trials. Results: The search identified and selected 14 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including eleven prospective and/or retrospective reviews and three systematic reviews/meta-analyses. The collected data indicate that NPWT is a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of sternal wounds, demonstrating a high success rate in healing, reducing mortality and hospitalization times, managing complications, and preparing and managing the wound for definitive surgical closure. Conclusions: This literature review highlights the potential of NPWT in the management of post-sternotomy sternal wounds, demonstrating its superiority over conventional dressings. NPWT application accelerates granulation tissue formation, reduces wound volume, and effectively manages exudate, contributing to faster healing. Furthermore, the therapy has proven beneficial in reducing the incidence of serious complications such as infection, dehiscence, and mediastinitis. Despite its efficacy, uncertainties remain regarding the incidence of minor adverse events and associated costs. Furthermore, little research is available regarding nursing management of the patient and the device during treatment, with a clear need for further study to raise awareness among professionals about monitoring and promptly reporting signs and symptoms of discomfort, pain, or related major complications. In summary, NPWT remains an effective and beneficial treatment option for the management of sternal wounds, particularly for deep infections, improving clinical outcomes and reducing the need for further invasive interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102750