Background. Cardiotocography (CTG) is one of the most widely used methods for monitoring fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor. Its use has become widespread and is often considered indispensable; however, its routine application in low-risk pregnancies remains a matter of debate. The main parameters evaluated in CTG interpretation are baseline fetal heart rate, variability, decelerations, accelerations, and uterine contractions. Interpretation of CTG tracings is guided by the reference guidelines issued by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the main intrapartum cardiotocographic parameters in low-risk labors with a favorable neonatal outcome, arising from pregnancies with physiological onset and uncomplicated course, in order to identify variations in CTG parameters during the first stage of labor that are associated with fetal well-being. A secondary aim was to evaluate possible cardiotocographic alterations associated with intrapartum medical procedures, particularly labor induction and epidural analgesia, that may interfere with the interpretation of these parameters. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the delivery ward of the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health at Padua University Hospital. The final sample comprised 42 patients, selected from an initial cohort of 1,800 labors. Inclusion criteria were pregnancy with physiological onset and uncomplicated course, absence of pre-existing maternal disease, vaginal birth, and favorable neonatal outcome. For each case, maternal and neonatal data (Apgar score and arterial and venous umbilical cord blood pH and base excess) were collected, and CTG tracings were analyzed by comparing the first and last hour of the first stage of labor. Differences (Δ) in the main CTG parameters were calculated and correlated with neonatal blood gas indices and with labor induction and epidural analgesia. Results. In the study sample, all neonates had a favorable neonatal outcome, with Apgar scores and cord blood gas parameters within normal ranges, and no tracing was classified as pathological. Changes in baseline fetal heart rate and decelerations showed no statistically significant correlation with umbilical cord pH or base excess. Δ short-term variability (Δ STV) showed a trend toward a positive correlation with fetal arterial pH, whereas Δ accelerations was significantly associated with higher arterial pH, suggesting that an increase in accelerations during the first stage of labor is related to a more favorable arterial pH. Labor induction showed no relevant association with changes in CTG parameters. Epidural analgesia, instead, was associated with a reduction in Δ STV and a trend toward fewer accelerations, although without any deterioration in neonatal indices. Conclusions. In low-risk labors with favorable neonatal outcomes, an increase in accelerations over time emerges as a potential marker of fetal well-being and adequate fetal oxygen reserves. The changes in ΔSTV observed in association with epidural analgesia appear to reflect hemodynamic and autonomic adaptations, without pathological significance in the clinical context evaluated. Overall, these findings support the value of a dynamic interpretation of CTG in the assessment of fetal well-being.
Background. Il tracciato cardiotocografico (CTG) è uno degli strumenti più utilizzati nel monitoraggio del benessere fetale durante la gravidanza e il travaglio. Si tratta di un dispositivo il cui utilizzo è ormai largamente diffuso, se non indispensabile; tuttavia, nelle gravidanze a basso rischio il suo impiego è tutt’ora oggetto di discussione. I principali parametri che vengono valutati per l’interpretazione del CTG sono: la linea di base, la variabilità, le decelerazioni, le accelerazioni e le contrazioni uterine. Per la valutazione del CTG le linee guida di riferimento sono redatte dalla Federazione Internazionale di Ginecologia e Ostetricia (FIGO). Scopo dello studio. Lo scopo dello studio è analizzare la variazione dei principali parametri del tracciato cardiotocografico intrapartum in travagli a basso rischio con outcome neonatale favorevole in gravidanze normoinsorte e normodecorse, al fine di individuare delle variazioni dei parametri del CTG durante la prima fase del travaglio associate al benessere fetale. In secondo luogo, lo studio si propone di valutare eventuali alterazioni cardiotocografie associate a procedure mediche intrapartum che possono interferire con l’interpretazione dei parametri in esame. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio è stato condotto presso la sala parto del Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Il campione finale comprende 42 pazienti, selezionato a partire da una valutazione di 1800 travagli. I criteri di inclusione utilizzati comprendono: gravidanza normoinsorta e normodecorsa, assenza di patologie materne preesistenti, parto vaginale e outcome neonatale favorevole. Per ciascun caso sono stati raccolti dati materni e neonatali (Apgar, pH e BE arterioso e venoso del sangue cordonale) e sono stati analizzati i tracciati CTG, confrontando la prima e l’ultima ora della prima fase del travaglio. Sono state calcolate le differenze (Δ) dei principali parametri CTG e le loro correlazioni con gli indici emogasanalitici neonatali e con l’uso di induzione e anestesia peridurale. Risultati. Nel campione studiato tutti i neonati presentano outcome favorevole, con Apgar e parametri emogasanalitici nei range di normalità, e nessun tracciato è stato classificato come patologico. Le variazioni della linea di base e delle decelerazioni non mostrano correlazioni statisticamente significative con pH e BE cordonali. La Δ Short Term Variability (STV) evidenzia una tendenza a correlare positivamente con il pH arterioso fetale, mentre il Δ accelerazioni risulta significativamente associato a un pH arterioso più elevato, suggerendo che un incremento delle accelerazioni nel corso della prima fase del travaglio si correli a un migliore pH arterioso. L’induzione del travaglio non mostra associazioni rilevanti con le variazioni dei parametri CTG. L’anestesia peridurale è invece associata a una riduzione della ΔSTV e a una tendenza alla diminuzione delle accelerazioni, pur in assenza di peggioramento degli indici neonatali. Conclusioni. In travagli a basso rischio con esito neonatale favorevole, l’aumento delle accelerazioni nel tempo emerge come possibile marker di benessere fetale e adeguate riserve di ossigeno. Le modificazioni di ΔSTV osservate in associazione all’anestesia peridurale sembrano riflettere un adattamento emodinamico e neurovegetativo, privo di significato patologico nei contesti clinici valutati. Nel complesso, i risultati sembrano supportare che un’interpretazione dinamica del CTG possa essere utile nella valutazione del benessere fetale.
Cardiotocografia e benessere fetale: studio del profilo cardiotocografico in gravidanze normoinsorte e normodecorse
DORIGO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. Cardiotocography (CTG) is one of the most widely used methods for monitoring fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor. Its use has become widespread and is often considered indispensable; however, its routine application in low-risk pregnancies remains a matter of debate. The main parameters evaluated in CTG interpretation are baseline fetal heart rate, variability, decelerations, accelerations, and uterine contractions. Interpretation of CTG tracings is guided by the reference guidelines issued by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the main intrapartum cardiotocographic parameters in low-risk labors with a favorable neonatal outcome, arising from pregnancies with physiological onset and uncomplicated course, in order to identify variations in CTG parameters during the first stage of labor that are associated with fetal well-being. A secondary aim was to evaluate possible cardiotocographic alterations associated with intrapartum medical procedures, particularly labor induction and epidural analgesia, that may interfere with the interpretation of these parameters. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the delivery ward of the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health at Padua University Hospital. The final sample comprised 42 patients, selected from an initial cohort of 1,800 labors. Inclusion criteria were pregnancy with physiological onset and uncomplicated course, absence of pre-existing maternal disease, vaginal birth, and favorable neonatal outcome. For each case, maternal and neonatal data (Apgar score and arterial and venous umbilical cord blood pH and base excess) were collected, and CTG tracings were analyzed by comparing the first and last hour of the first stage of labor. Differences (Δ) in the main CTG parameters were calculated and correlated with neonatal blood gas indices and with labor induction and epidural analgesia. Results. In the study sample, all neonates had a favorable neonatal outcome, with Apgar scores and cord blood gas parameters within normal ranges, and no tracing was classified as pathological. Changes in baseline fetal heart rate and decelerations showed no statistically significant correlation with umbilical cord pH or base excess. Δ short-term variability (Δ STV) showed a trend toward a positive correlation with fetal arterial pH, whereas Δ accelerations was significantly associated with higher arterial pH, suggesting that an increase in accelerations during the first stage of labor is related to a more favorable arterial pH. Labor induction showed no relevant association with changes in CTG parameters. Epidural analgesia, instead, was associated with a reduction in Δ STV and a trend toward fewer accelerations, although without any deterioration in neonatal indices. Conclusions. In low-risk labors with favorable neonatal outcomes, an increase in accelerations over time emerges as a potential marker of fetal well-being and adequate fetal oxygen reserves. The changes in ΔSTV observed in association with epidural analgesia appear to reflect hemodynamic and autonomic adaptations, without pathological significance in the clinical context evaluated. Overall, these findings support the value of a dynamic interpretation of CTG in the assessment of fetal well-being.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102890