This thesis analyzes the Romanian Legion in Italy, situating it within the context of nationalist fighting formations that emerged during the Great War. These groups formed to secure their peoples' independence from the Habsburg Empire. While similar legions existed in the 19th century during the peak of romantic nationalism, their organization and objectives matured significantly during World War I. They also increasingly integrated with their protecting armies, adopting their uniforms, weaponry, and training. The experience of Romanians from the Habsburg Empire who fought with the Italian Army in late 1918 is particularly compelling. These were all former Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war, released to serve Italy and their national cause: the liberation of Romanian territories—Transylvania, Banat, and Bukovina—from Habsburg rule. When the Kingdom of Romania, their primary reference, withdrew from the war via the Treaty of Bucharest on May 7, 1918 (following Russia's collapse into chaos after the October Revolution of 1917, which prevented it from sustaining the Eastern Front), the Romanian Legion in Italy stepped forward as the banner-bearer for the entire Romanian cause on the international stage. The thesis explores the history of the men who joined the Legion, detailing their backgrounds and the origins of Transylvanian nationalism. It covers their service in the Habsburg army during the Great War, their decision to enlist—which wasn't always voluntary or driven by genuine nationalist ideals— the influence of propaganda, their combat roles, and finally, their repatriation to a new Romania embroiled in conflict with the nascent Hungarian Republic. This period saw nationalisms clashing with communisms, a dynamic that profoundly shaped the Romanian patriotic movement in a reactionary direction.
La tesi di laurea analizza il caso della Legione Romena d’Italia nel contesto delle formazioni combattenti nazionaliste della Grande Guerra che si erano formate per la causa dell’indipendenza dei loro popoli dalla compagine imperiale asburgica dalla quale provenivano. Le legioni, che avevano già avuto un loro trascorso durante l’800, nel pieno del nazionalismo romantico, durante il primo conflitto mondiale si perfezionarono nell’organizzazione, negli obiettivi e si ibridarono con gli eserciti che le tutelavano, assumendone le uniformi, gli armamenti e l’addestramento. Di particolare interesse è la vicenda dei romeni dell’Impero asburgico che finirono a combattere nei ranghi dell’Esercito italiano sul finire del 1918. Erano tutti ex-prigionieri di guerra austro-ungarici, liberati per poter servire in armi l’Italia e la loro causa nazionale, ovvero la liberazione dei territori romeni – Transilvania, Banato e Bucovina – sottoposti alla casata d’Asburgo. Quando il Regno di Romania, il loro principale punto di riferimento, uscì dalla guerra col trattato di Bucarest del 7 maggio del 1918, poiché la Russia, finita nel caos dopo la Rivoluzione d’ottobre del 1917, non riusciva più a mantenere l’onere del Fronte orientale, la Legione romena d’Italia si costituì a porta bandiera dell’intera causa romena sullo scenario internazionale. Nella tesi viene affrontata la storia degli uomini che aderirono alla Legione d’Italia, spiegando da dove venivano, le origini in particolare del nazionalismo transilvano, il loro servizio nell’esercito asburgico nella Grande Guerra, la loro decisione di arruolarsi – non sempre volontaria o mossa da reali ideali nazionalisti, – il ruolo giocato dalla propaganda, il loro impiego bellico e infine il rimpatrio in una nuova Romania che si trovava nel pieno di un conflitto contro la neonata Repubblica di Ungheria, in una temperie dove i nazionalismi si confrontavano con i comunismi – cosa che avrebbe impresso una svolta reazionaria al movimento patriottico romeno.
La Legione Romena d'Italia nella Grande Guerra: tra propaganda e nazionalismo
FAVERO, GIONA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the Romanian Legion in Italy, situating it within the context of nationalist fighting formations that emerged during the Great War. These groups formed to secure their peoples' independence from the Habsburg Empire. While similar legions existed in the 19th century during the peak of romantic nationalism, their organization and objectives matured significantly during World War I. They also increasingly integrated with their protecting armies, adopting their uniforms, weaponry, and training. The experience of Romanians from the Habsburg Empire who fought with the Italian Army in late 1918 is particularly compelling. These were all former Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war, released to serve Italy and their national cause: the liberation of Romanian territories—Transylvania, Banat, and Bukovina—from Habsburg rule. When the Kingdom of Romania, their primary reference, withdrew from the war via the Treaty of Bucharest on May 7, 1918 (following Russia's collapse into chaos after the October Revolution of 1917, which prevented it from sustaining the Eastern Front), the Romanian Legion in Italy stepped forward as the banner-bearer for the entire Romanian cause on the international stage. The thesis explores the history of the men who joined the Legion, detailing their backgrounds and the origins of Transylvanian nationalism. It covers their service in the Habsburg army during the Great War, their decision to enlist—which wasn't always voluntary or driven by genuine nationalist ideals— the influence of propaganda, their combat roles, and finally, their repatriation to a new Romania embroiled in conflict with the nascent Hungarian Republic. This period saw nationalisms clashing with communisms, a dynamic that profoundly shaped the Romanian patriotic movement in a reactionary direction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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La Legione romena d'Italia. Tra propaganda e nazionalismo - Giona Favero.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104049