Liver diseases account for 4% of annual deaths worldwide, with over 2 million fatalities. The majority of these are attributable to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A condition present in most chronic liver diseases, where ongoing inflammation leads to collagen deposition and tissue scarring, is hepatic fibrosis. This condition is responsible for quantitative and qualitative changes in the liver's extracellular matrix, altering the organ's microstructure and functions. In this context, tissue stiffness proves to be a crucial biomarker, making biomechanics an indispensable tool for determining mechanical behavior to achieve a reliable diagnosis. In this literature review thesis, attention is focused on the characterization of healthy and pathological liver, seeking to describe it through appropriate constitutive models. In the first part, the intrinsic biomechanical response of the tissue is analyzed, highlighting its nonlinearity and its visco-hyperelastic nature. The main models found in the literature are addressed, ranging from hyperelastic models (Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden) to quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) ones; their ability to describe the tissue is discussed, providing examples of experimental application. In the diagnostic field, however, elastography techniques such as transient elastography (FibroScan) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) are utilized to assess the stage of fibrosis (using the METAVIR scale) based on Young’s modulus values. These techniques, however, employ models that are unable to fully describe the tissue's complex biomechanics, but which limit the error within a range that does not affect clinical diagnosis. The analysis highlights the contrast between advanced constitutive models and the simplified assumptions of linearity and pure elasticity upon which elastographic instrumentation is based. In conclusion, the thesis highlights the role of biomechanics as a bridge between experimental research and medical diagnosis, outlining how an increasingly refined understanding of mechanical parameters can lead to more precise diagnoses and new technological prospects
Le patologie del fegato registrano il 4% dei decessi annuali con oltre 2 milioni di decessi. La maggior parte di essi è attribuibile a cirrosi e carcinoma epatocellulare. Una condizione che è presente nella maggior parte delle patologiecroniche, dove l’infiammazione presente porta alla deposizione di collagene e alla cicatrizzazione del tessuto, è la fibrosi epatica. La fibrosi epatica è responsabile della modifica quantitativa e qualitativa della matrice extracellulare del fegato, alterando la microstruttura e le funzioni dell’ organo. In questo contesto, la rigidezza del tessuto risulta essere un biomarker cruciale, rendendo indispensabile lo strumento della biomeccanica per la determinazione del comportamento meccanico del tessuto per una diagnosi affidabile. In questo lavoro di tesi compilativa, si presta attenzione alla caratterizzazione del fegato sano e patologico, cercando di descriverlo attraverso appropriati modelli costitutivi. Nella prima parte, si analizza la risposta biomeccanica intriseca del tessuto, la sua non linearità e la sua natura visco-iperelastica. Vengono affrontati i principali modelli riscontrati in letteratura, da quelli iperelastici (Neo-Hookean,Mooney-Rivlin,Ogden) a quelli quasi lineari visco-elastici (QLV); discutendone la capacità di descrivere il tessuto e riportandone esempi di applicazione sperimentale. In ambito diagnostico,invece,vengono utilizzate tecniche di elastografia, come l’elastografia transiente (FibroScan) e l’elastografia a risonanza magnetica (MRE), per valutare lo stadio di fibrosi ( utilizzando scala METAVIR) partendo dal valore del modulo di Young. In queste tecniche vengono però utilizzati modelli incapaci di descrivere correttamente la biomeccanica del tessuto, ma che contengono l’errore in un range che non inficia la diagnosi clinica. L’analisi mette in luce il contrasto tra i modelli costitutivi avanzati e le ipotesi, semplificate, di linearità ed elasticità pura su cui si basa la strumentazione elastografica. In conclusione, la tesi evidenzia il ruolo della biomeccanica come ponte tra la ricerca sperimentale e la diagnosi medica, delineando come una comprensione sempre più raffinata dei parametri meccanici possa condurre a diagnosi più precise e a nuove prospettive tecnologiche.
Fegato sano e fibrotico: confronti tra modellazione costitutiva e tecniche di elastografia.
BONACCINI, GABRIELE
2025/2026
Abstract
Liver diseases account for 4% of annual deaths worldwide, with over 2 million fatalities. The majority of these are attributable to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A condition present in most chronic liver diseases, where ongoing inflammation leads to collagen deposition and tissue scarring, is hepatic fibrosis. This condition is responsible for quantitative and qualitative changes in the liver's extracellular matrix, altering the organ's microstructure and functions. In this context, tissue stiffness proves to be a crucial biomarker, making biomechanics an indispensable tool for determining mechanical behavior to achieve a reliable diagnosis. In this literature review thesis, attention is focused on the characterization of healthy and pathological liver, seeking to describe it through appropriate constitutive models. In the first part, the intrinsic biomechanical response of the tissue is analyzed, highlighting its nonlinearity and its visco-hyperelastic nature. The main models found in the literature are addressed, ranging from hyperelastic models (Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden) to quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) ones; their ability to describe the tissue is discussed, providing examples of experimental application. In the diagnostic field, however, elastography techniques such as transient elastography (FibroScan) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) are utilized to assess the stage of fibrosis (using the METAVIR scale) based on Young’s modulus values. These techniques, however, employ models that are unable to fully describe the tissue's complex biomechanics, but which limit the error within a range that does not affect clinical diagnosis. The analysis highlights the contrast between advanced constitutive models and the simplified assumptions of linearity and pure elasticity upon which elastographic instrumentation is based. In conclusion, the thesis highlights the role of biomechanics as a bridge between experimental research and medical diagnosis, outlining how an increasingly refined understanding of mechanical parameters can lead to more precise diagnoses and new technological prospects| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104154